Copyright: ©Copyright 1996 Micrografx, Inc. All Rights Reserved  ©Copyright 1996
Citation: ©Copyright 1996 Micrografx, Inc. All Rights Reserved  ©Copyright 1996 Visual Components, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Edit menu (DataAnalyzer)
Edit menu

Click a command below to learn more about it.

Undo	Reverses the last command you executed.
Cut	Removes the selected values from the worksheet and places them in the clipboard.
Copy	Copies the selected values to the clipboard.
Paste	Pastes the values on the Clipboard into the worksheet.
Fill	Fills the selected worksheet row or column with the value in the active cell.
Clear	Clears the format and/or contents of the active worksheet cells.
Delete	Deletes the active worksheet cells and moves the remaining cells up or over.
Sort	Sorts worksheet values in ascending or descending order.


Undo command

Cut command

Copy command

Paste command

Fill command

Clear command

Delete command

Sort command


Undo command (DataAnalyzer)
Undo command

The Undo command reverses the last command you executed.


Reverses the last command you executed.


Cut command (DataAnalyzer)
Cut command

The Cut command removes the selected values from the worksheet and places them on the Clipboard.


Removes the selected values from the worksheet and places them on the Clipboard.


Copy command (DataAnalyzer)
Copy command

The Copy command copies the selected values to the Clipboard.


Copies the selected values to the Clipboard.


Paste command (DataAnalyzer)
Paste command

The Paste command pastes the values on the Clipboard into the worksheet.


Pastes the values on the Clipboard into the worksheet.


Fill command

The Fill command fills the selected row or column with the value in the active cell. If you select Down, every cell below the active cell is filled with the value in the active cell.  If you select Right, every cell to the right of the active cell is filled with the value in the active cell.


To fill cells below

To fill cells to the right

Down command

Right command

Edit menu


Fill, Right command

The Fill, Right command fills every cell to the right of the active cell with the value in the active cell.


To fill cells below

To fill cells to the right

Down command

Edit menu


Displays a submenu.


Fills every cell in the row to the right of the active cell with the cell value.


Fill, Down command

The Fill, Down command fills every cell below the active cell with the value in the active cell.


To fill cells below

To fill cells to the right

Right command

Edit menu


Fills every cell in the column below the active cell with the cell value.


To fill cells below the active cell

1	Select the cell with the value and all cells below it you wish to fill.

2	On the Edit menu, click Fill.

3	On the Fill submenu, click Down.

Tip

You can also press Ctrl + D to fill cells below the active cell.


To fill cells to the right

Down command

Right command

Edit menu


To fill cells to the right

1	Select the cell with the value and all cells to the right you wish to fill.

2	On the Edit menu, click Fill.

3	On the Fill submenu, click Right.

Tip

You can also press Ctrl + R to fill cells right of the active cell.


To fill cells below the active cell

Down command

Right command

Edit menu


Clear command (DataAnalyzer)
Clear command

All clears both the format and contents of the selected cells.

Formats clears only the formats (including borders, patterns, alignment, font, and number style) from the selected cells.

Contents clears only the content of the selected cells.


To clear cell contents

To clear both contents and formats

To clear cell formats

Clear All command

Clear Formats command

Clear Contents command

Edit menu


Clear All command

The Clear All command clears both the format and contents of the selected cells.


To clear both contents and formats

To clear cell contents

To clear cell formats

Clear All command

Clear Formats command

Clear Contents command

Edit menu

Edit menu


Clears both the format and contents of the selected cells.


Clear Formats command

The Clear Formats command clears only the formats, including borders, patterns, alignment, font and number style, from the selected cells.


To clear cell formats

To clear cell contents

To clear both contents and formats

Clear All command

Clear Formats command

Clear Contents command

Edit menu


Clears only the formats, including borders, patterns, alignment, font and number style, from the selected cells.


Clear Contents command

The Clear Contents command clears only the content of the selected cells.


To clear cell contents

To clear both contents and formats

To clear cell formats

Clear All command

Clear Formats command

Clear Contents command

Edit menu


Command D Clears only the content of the selected cells.


To clear cell formats

1	Select the cells from which to clear the formats.

2	On the Edit menu, click Clear.

3	On the Clear submenu, click Formats.


To clear cell contents

To clear both contents and formats

Clear All command

Clear Formats command

Clear Contents command

Edit menu


To clear cell contents

1	Select the cells from which to clear the contents.

2	On the Edit menu, click Clear.

3	On the Clear submenu, click Contents.


To clear both contents and formats

To clear cell formats

Clear All command

Clear Formats command

Clear Contents command

Edit menu


To clear both contents and formats

1	Select the cells from which to clear the contents and formats.

2	On the Edit menu, click Clear.

3	On the Clear submenu, click All.

Tip

You can also press Del to clear both contents and formats.


To clear cell contents

To clear cell formats

Clear All command

Clear Formats command

Clear Contents command

Edit menu


Delete command

The Delete command deletes the selected cells and moves the remaining cells up or over.


To delete a row

To delete a column

Edit menu


Deletes the selected cells and moves the remaining cells up.


Sort command

The Sort command sorts worksheet column or row values in ascending or descending order.


To sort worksheet values in ascending or descending order

Edit menu


Sorts worksheet column or row values in ascending or descending order.


Sort dialog box

Use this dialog box to sort worksheet values in ascending or descending order.  This dialog box also allows you to transpose worksheet columns.

Tip

For Help on a setting, click [image] at the top of the dialog box, and then click the setting.You can also right-click the setting, and then click What's This?


To sort worksheet values

Sort command

Edit menu


To sort worksheet values

1	Select the cells you want to sort.

2	On the Edit menu, click Sort.

3	In the Sort dialog box, click Sort Top to Bottom to sort column cells.  Otherwise, click Sort Left to Right to sort row cells.

4	Click Ascending or Descending to determine the sort order.

5	Click OK.


Sort command

Edit menu


Specifies that the sort is applied to columns.


Specifies that the sort is applied to rows.


Lists the available columns or rows that can be sorted.


Specifies that the sort is in ascending order.


Specifies that the sort is in descending order.


Clear All clears both the format and contents of the selected cells.

Clear Formats clears only the formats (including borders, patterns, alignment, fonts, and number styles) from the selected cells.

Clear Contents clears only the content of the selected cells.


Fills the selected worksheet row or column with the value in the active cell.


Deletes the active worksheet cells and moves the remaining cells up or over.


Functions List

ABS

ACOS

ACOSH

ADDRESS

AND

ASIN

ASINH

ATAN

ATAN2

ATANH

AVERAGE

CEILING

CHAR

CHOOSE

CLEAN

CODE

COLUMN

COLUMNS

COS

COSH

COUNT

COUNTA

DATE

DATEVALUE

DAY

DB

DDB

DOLLAR

ERROR TYPE

EVEN

EXACT

EXP

FACT

FALSE

FIND

FIXED

FLOOR

FV

HLOOKUP

HOUR

IF

INDEX

INDIRECT

INT

IPMT

IRR

ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT

LEFT

LEN

LN

LOG

LOG10

LOOKUP

LOWER

MATCH

MAX

MID

MIN

MINUTE

MIRR

MOD

MONTH

N

NA

NOT

NOW

NPER

NPV

ODD

OFFSET

OR

PI

PMT

PPMT

PRODUCT

PROPER

PV

RAND

RATE

REPLACE

REPT

RIGHT

ROUND

ROW

ROWS

SEARCH

SECOND

SIGN

SIN

SINH

SLN

SQRT

STDEV

STDEVP

SUBSTITUTE

SUM

SUMSQ

SYD

T

TAN

TANH

TEXT

TIME

TIMEVALUE

TODAY

TRIM

TRUE

TRUNC

TYPE

UPPER

VALUE

VAR

VARP

VDB

VLOOKUP

WEEKDAY

YEAR

YEAR


ABS function
ABS

Description:	Returns the absolute value of a number.
Syntax:	ABS(number)
Note
		An absolute value does not display a positive or negative sign.
Examples:	ABS(-1) returns 1.
	ABS(1) returns 1.


SIGN

Function list


ACOS function
ACOS

Description:	Returns the arc cosine of a number.
Syntax:	ACOS(number) number is the cosine of the angle. The cosine can range from 1 to -1.
Note
		The resulting angle is returned in radians (from 0 to). To convert the resulting radians to degrees, multiply the radians by 180/PI().
Examples:	ACOS(.5) returns 1.05.
	ACOS(-.2) returns 1.77.


COS

PI

Function list


ACOSH function
ACOSH

Description:	Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number.
Syntax:	ACOSH(number) number is any number equal to or greater than 1.
Examples:	ACOSH(1.2) returns .62.
	ACOSH(3) returns 1.76.


ASINH

ATANH

COSH

Function list


ADDRESS function
ADDRESS

Description:	Creates a cell address as text.
Syntax:	ADDRESS(row,column, ref?type [,al] [, sheet]) row is the row number for the cell address. column is the column number for the cell address. ref_type is the cell reference type.  The following table lists the values for this argument.
	Argument	Reference type
	1	Absolute
	2	Absolute row, relative column
	3	Relative row, absolute column
	4	Relative
	a1 is the reference format.  This argument must be TRUE() to represent an A1 reference format; Formula One does not support the R1C1 reference format.
	sheet is the name of an external spreadsheet.  Omitting this argument assumes that the reference exists in the current spreadsheet.
Examples:	ADDRESS(5, 6, 1) returns “$F$5”.
	ADDRESS(5, 6, 4, TRUE( ), “SALES.VTS”) returns “SALES>VTS!F5”.


COLUMN

OFFSET

ROW

Function list


AND function
AND

Description:	Returns True if all arguments are true; returns False if at least one argument is false.
Syntax:	AND(logical_list)
	logical_list is a list of conditions separated by commas.  You can include as many as 30 conditions on the list.  The list can contain logical values or a reference to a range containing logical values.  Text and empty cells are ignored.  If there are no logical values in the list, #VALUE! is returned.
Examples:	AND(1+1-2, 5+5-10) returns True because both arguments are true.
	AND(TRUE( ), FALSE( ) returns False


IF

NOT

OR

Function list


ASIN function
ASIN

Description:	Returns the arcsine of a number.
Syntax:	ASIN(number) number is the sine of the resulting angle, ranging from -1 to 1.
Note
		The resulting angle is returned in radians (ranging from -/2 to /2). To convert the resulting radians to degrees, multiply the radians by 180/PI().
Examples:	ASIN( -1 ) returns -1.57.
	ASIN( .4 ) returns .41.


ASINH

PI

SIN

Function list


ASINH function
ASINH

Description:	Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.
Syntax:	ASINH(number) number is any number.
Examples:	ASINH(5.3) returns 2.37.
	ASINH(-4) returns -2.09.


ACOSH

ASIN

ATANH

SINH

Function list


ATAN function
ATAN

Description:	Returns the arctangent of a number.
Syntax:	ATAN(number) number is the tangent of the angle.
Note
		The resulting angle is returned in radians, ranging from -/2 to /2.  To convert the resulting radians to degrees, multiply the radians by 180/PI().
Examples:	ATAN(3.5) returns 1.29.
	ATAN(-4) returns -1.33.


ATAN2

ATANH

PI

TAN

Function list


ATAN2 function
ATAN2

Description:	Returns the arctangent of the specified coordinates.
Syntax:	ATAN2(x, y) x is the x coordinate. y is the y coordinate.
Note
		The arctangent is the angle from the x axis to a line with end points at the origin (0,0) and a point with the given coordinates (x,y).  The angle is returned in radians, ranging from - to , excluding -.
Examples:	ATAN2(3, 6) returns 1.11.
	ATAN2(-1, .1) returns 3.04.


ATAN

ATANH

PI

TAN

Function list


ATANH function
ATANH

Description:	Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number.
Syntax:	ATANH(number) number is a number between -1 and 1, excluding -1 and 1.
Examples:	ATANH(.5) returns .55.
	ATANH(-.25) returns -.26.


ACOS

ASINH

TANH

Function list


AVERAGE function
AVERAGE

Description:	Returns the average of the supplied numbers.  The result of AVERAGE is also known as the arithmetic mean.
Syntax:	AVERAGE(number_list) number_list is a list of numbers separated by commas.  As many as 30 numbers can be included on the list, and the list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers.  Text, logical expressions, or empty cells in a referenced range are ignored.  All numeric values (including 0) are used.
Examples:	AVERAGE(5, 6, 8, 14) returns 8.25.
	AVERAGE(C15:C17) returns 134; C15:C17 contains 24, 144, and 234.


MIN

MAX

Function list


CEILING function
CEILING

Description:	Rounds a number up to the nearest multiple of a specified significance.
Syntax:	CEILING(number, significance) number is a value to round. significance is the multiple to which to round.
Note
		Regardless of the sign of the number, the value is rounded up, away from zero.  If number is an exact multiple of significance, no rounding occurs.
		If number or significance is non-numeric, #VALUE! is returned.  When the arguments have opposite signs, #NUM! is returned.
Examples:	CEILING(1.23459, .05) returns 1.25.
	CEILING(-148.24, -2) returns -150.


EVEN

FLOOR

INT

ODD

ROUND

TRUNC

Function list


CHAR function
CHAR

Description:	Returns a character that corresponds to the supplied ANSI code.
Syntax:	CHAR(number) number is a value between 1 and 255 that specifies an ANSI character.
Note
		The character and associated numeric code are defined by Windows in the ANSI character set.
Examples:	CHAR(70) returns F.
	CHAR(35) returns #.


CODE

Function list


CHOOSE function
CHOOSE

Description:	Returns a value from a list of numbers based on the index number supplied.
Syntax:	CHOOSE(index, item_ list) index is a number that refers to an item in item_list.
		index can be a cell reference. Index can also be a formula that returns any value from 1 to 29.
		If index is less than 1 or greater than the number of items in item_list, #VALUE! is returned.
		If index is a fractional number, it is truncated to an integer.
	item_list is a list of numbers, formulas, or text separated by commas.  This argument can also be a range reference.  You can specify as many as 29 items in the list.
Examples:	CHOOSE(2, “Q1”, “Q2”, “Q3”, “Q4”) returns “Q2”.
	AVERAGE(CHOOSE(1, A1:A10, B1:B10, C1:C10)) returns the average of the contents of range A1:A10.


INDEX

Function list


CLEAN function
CLEAN

Description:	Removes all non-printable characters from the supplied text.
Syntax:	CLEAN(text) text is any worksheet information.
Note
		Text that is imported from another environment may require this function.
Examples:	CLEAN(“Payments” & CHAR(8) & “Due”) returns Payments Due because the character returned by CHAR(8) is non-printable.


CHAR

TRIM

Function list


CODE function
CODE

Description:	Returns a numeric code representing the first character of the supplied string.
Syntax:	CODE(text) text is any string.
Note
		The numeric code and associated string are defined in your computer’s character set.  The character set used by Windows is the ANSI character set.
Examples:	CODE(“A”) returns 65.
	CODE(“b”) returns 98.


CHAR

Function list


COLUMN function
COLUMN

Description:	Returns the column number of the supplied reference.
Syntax:	COLUMN(reference) reference is a reference to a cell or range. Omitting the argument returns the number of the column in which COLUMN is placed.
Examples:	COLUMN(B3) returns 2.
	COLUMN( ) returns 4 if the function is entered in cell D2.


COLUMNS

ROW

Function list


COLUMNS function
COLUMNS

Description:	Returns the number of columns in a range reference.
Syntax:	COLUMNS(range) range is a reference to a range of cells.
Examples:	COLUMNS(A1:D5) returns 4.


COLUMN

ROWS

Function list


COS function
COS

Description:	Returns the cosine of an angle.
Syntax:	COS(number) number is the angle in radians.  If the angle is in degrees, convert the angle to radians by multiplying the angle by PI()/180.
Examples:	COS(1,444) returns .126.
	COS(5) returns .28.


ACOS

ASINH

ATANH

COSH

PI

Function list


COSH function
COSH

Description:	Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.
Syntax:	COSH(number) number is any number.
Examples:	COSH(2,10) returns 4.14.
	COSH(.24) returns 1.03.


ASINH

ATANH

COS

Function list


COUNT function
COUNT

Description:	Returns the number of values in the supplied list.
Syntax:	COUNT(value_list) value_list is a list of values.  The list can contain as many as 30 values.
Note
		COUNT numerates only numbers or numerical values (for example, logical values, dates, or text representations of dates).  If you supply a range, only numbers and numerical values in the range are counted.  Empty cells, logical values, text, and error values in the range are ignored.
Examples:	COUNT(5, 6, “Q2”) returns 2.
	COUNT(“03/06/94”, “06/21/94”, “10/19/94”) returns 3.


AVERAGE

COUNTA

SUM

Function list


COUNTA function
COUNTA

Description:	Returns the number of non-black values in the supplied list.
Syntax:	COUNTA(expression_list) expression_list is a list of expressions.  As many as 30 expressions can be included in the list.
Note
		COUNTA returns the number of cells that contain data in a range.  Null values (“ “) are counted, but references to empty cells are ignored.
Examples:	COUNTA(32, 45, “Earnings”, “ “) returns 4.
	COUNTA(C38:C40) returns 0 when the specified range contains empty cells.


AVERAGE

COUNT

PRODUCT

SUM

Function list


DATE function
DATE

Description:	Returns the serial number of the supplied date.
Syntax:	DATE(year, month, day) year is a number from 1900 to 2078.  If year is between 1920 and 2019, you can specify two digits to represent the year; otherwise specify all four digits. month is a number representing the month (for example, 12 represents December).  If a number greater than 12 is supplied, the number is added to the first month of the specified year. day is a number representing the day of the month. If the number you specify for day exceeds the number of days in that month, the number is added to the first day of the specified month.
Examples:	DATE(94, 6, 21) returns 34506.
	DATE(99, 3, 6) returns 36225.


DATEVALUE

DAY

MONTH

NOW

TIMEVALUE

TODAY

YEAR

Function list


DATEVALUE function
DATEVALUE

Description:	Returns the serial number of a date supplied as a text string.
Syntax:	DATEVALUE(text) text is a date, in text format, between January 1, 1900, and December 31, 2078.  If you omit the year, the current year is used.
Examples:	DATEVALUE(“3/6/94”) returns 34399.
	DATEVALUE(“12/25/95”) returns 35058.


NOW

TIMEVALUE

TODAY

Function list


DAY function
DAY

Description:	Returns the day of the month that corresponds to the date represented by the supplied number.
Syntax:	DAY(serial_number) serial_number is a date represented as a serial number or as text (for example, “06-21-94” or “21-Jun-94).
Examples:	DAY(34399) returns 6.
	DAY(“06-21-94”) returns 21.


HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

TODAY

WEEKDAY

YEAR

Function list


DB function
DB

Description:	Returns the real depreciation of an asset for a specific period of time using the fixed-declining balance method.
Syntax:	DB(cost, salvage, life, period [, months]) cost is the initial cost of the asset. salvage is the salvage value of the asset. life is the number of periods in the useful life of the asset. period is the period for which to calculate the depreciation.  The time units used to determine period and life must match. months is the number of months in the first year of the item’s life.  Omitting this argument assumes there are 12 months in the first year.
Examples:	DB(10000, 1000, 7, 3) returns 1451.52.


DDB

SLN

SYD

VDB

Function list


DDB function
DDB

Description:	Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specific period of time using the double-declining balance method or a declining balance factor you supply.
Syntax:	DDB(cost, salvage, life, period[,factor]) cost is the initial cost of the asset. salvage is the salvage value of the asset. life is the number of periods in the useful life of the asset. period is the period for which to calculate the depreciation.  The time units used to determine period and life must match. factor is the rate at which the balance declines.  Omitting this argument assumes a default factor of 2, the double-declining balance factor.
Note
		The double-declining balance method uses an accelerated rate in which the highest depreciation occurs in the first period, decreasing in successive periods.
		All arguments for this function must be positive numbers.
Examples:	DDB(10000, 1000, 7, 3) returns 1457.73.


DB

SLN

SYD

VDB

Function list


DOLLAR function
DOLLAR

Description:	Returns the specified number as text, using currency format and the supplied precision.
Syntax:	DOLLAR(number [,precision]) number is a number, a formula that evaluates to a number, or a reference to a cell that contains a number. precision is a value representing the number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point.  Omitting this argument assumes two decimal places.
Examples:	DOLLAR(1023.789) returns “$1023.79”.
	DOLLAR(495,301, -2) returns “$500”.


FIXED

TEXT

VALUE

Function list


ERROR.TYPE function
ERROR.TYPE

Description:	Returns a number corresponding to an error.
Syntax:	ERROR.TYPE(error_ref) error_ref is a cell reference.
Note
		The following table lists the error text and associated error numbers returned by this function.
	Number	Error text
	1	#NULL!
	2	#DIV/0!
	3	#VALUE!
	4	#REF!
	5	#NAME?
	6	#NUM!
	7	#N/A
	#N/!	Other
Examples:	ERROR.TYPE(A1) returns 2 if the formula in cell A1 attempts to divide by zero.


ISERR

ISERROR

Function list


EVEN function
EVEN

Description:	Rounds the specified number up to the nearest even integer.
Syntax:	EVEN(number) number is any number, a formula that evaluates to a number, or a reference to a cell that contains a number.
Examples:	EVEN(2,5) returns 4.
	EVEN(2030.45) returns 2032.


CEILING

FLOOR

INT

ODD

ROUND

TRUNC

Function list


EXACT function
EXACT

Description:	Compares two expressions for identical, case-sensitive matches.  True is returned if the expressions are identical; False is returned if they are not.
Syntax:	EXACT(expression1, expression2) expression1 is any text. expression2 is any text.
Examples:	EXACT(“Match”, “Match”) returns True.
	EXACT(“Match”, “match”) returns False.


LEN

SEARCH

Function list


EXP function
EXP

Description:	Returns e raised to the specified power.  The constant e is 2.71828182845904 (the base of the natural logarithm).
Syntax:	EXP(number) number is any number as the exponent.
Examples:	EXP(2.5) returns 12.18.
	EXP(3) returns 20.09.


LN

LOG

Function list


FACT function
FACT

Description:	Returns the factorial of a specified number.
Syntax:	FACT(number) number is any non-negative integer.  If you supply a real number, FACT truncates the number to an integer before calculation.
Examples:	FACT(2,5) returns 2.
	FACT(6) returns 720.


PRODUCT

Function list


FALSE function
FALSE

Description:	Returns the logical value False.  This function always requires the trailing parentheses.
Syntax:	FALSE()


TRUE

Function list


FIND function
FIND

Description:	Searches for a string of text within another text string and returns the character position at which the search string first occurs.
Syntax:	FIND(search_text, text[,start_position]) search_text is the text to find.  If you specify an empty string(“”), FIND matches the first character in text. text is the text to be searched. start_position is the character position in text at which the search begins.  The first character in text is character number 1.  When you omit this argument, the default starting position is character number 1.
Note
		FIND is case-sensitive.  You cannot use wild-card characters in the search_text.
Examples:	FIND(“time”, “There’s no time like the present”) returns 12.
	FIND(“4”, “Aisle 4, Part 123-4-11”, 9) returns 19.


EXACT

LEN

MID

SEARCH

Function list


FIXED function
FIXED

Description:	Rounds a number to the supplies precision, formats the number in decimal format, and returns the result as text.
Syntax:	FIXED(number[, precision][, no_commas]} number is any number. precision is the number of digits that appear to the right of the decimal place.  When this argument is omitted, a default precision of 2 is used.  If you specify negative precision, number is rounded to the left of the decimal point.  You can specify a precision as great as 127 digits. no_commas determines whether thousands separators (commas) are used in the result.  Use 1 to exclude commas in the result.  If no_commas is 0 or the argument is omitted, thousands separators are included (for example, 1,000.00).
Examples:	FIXED(2000.5, 3) returns “2,000.500”.
	FIXED(2009.5, -1, 1) returns “2010”.


DOLLAR

ROUND

TEXT

VALUE

Function list


FLOOR function
FLOOR

Description:	Rounds a number down to the nearest multiple of a specified significance.
Syntax:	FLOOR(number, significance) number is the value to round. significance is the multiple to which to round.
Note
		Regardless of the sign of the number, the value is rounded down, toward zero.  If number is an exact multiple of significance, no rounding occurs.
		If number of significance is non-numeric, #NAME? is returned.  When the arguments have opposite signs, #NUM! is returned.
Examples:	FLOOR(1.23459, .05) returns 1.2.
	FLOOR(-148.24, -2) returns -148.


CEILING

EVEN

INT

ODD

ROUND

TRUNC

Function list


FV function
FV

Description:	Returns the future value of an annuity based on regular payments and a fixed interest rate.
Syntax:	FV(interest, nper, payment[,pv] [,type]) interest is the fixed interest rate. nper is the number of payments in an annuity. payment is the fixed payment made each period. pv is the present value, or the lump sum amount, the annuity is currently worth.  When you omit this argument, a present value of 0 is assumed. type indicates when payments are due.  Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period.  When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.
Note
		The units used for interest must match those used for nper.  For example, if the annuity has an 8% annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8%/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper.
		Cash paid out, such as a payment, is shown as a negative number.  Cash received, such as a dividend check, is shown as a positive number.
Examples:	FV(5%, 8, -500) returns 4,774.55.
	FV(10%/12, 240, -700, 1) returns 531,550.86.


IPMT

NPER

PMT

PPMT

PV

RATE

Function list


HLOOKUP function
HLOOKUP

Description:	Searches the top row of a table for a value and returns the contents of a cell in that table that corresponds to the location of the search value.
Syntax:	HLOOKUP(search_item, search_range, row_index) search_item is a value, text string, or reference to a cell containing a value that is matched against data in the top row of search_range. search_range is a reference to the range (table) to be searched.  The cells in the first row of search_range can contain numbers, text, or logical values.  The contents of the first row must be in ascending order (for example, -2, -1, 0, 2...A through Z, False, True).  Text searches are not case-sensitive. row_index is the row in search_range from which the matching value is returned.
		row_index can be a number from 1 to the number of rows in search_range.
		If row_index is less than 1, #VALUE! is returned.
		When row_index is greater than the number of rows in the table, #REF! is returned.
Note
		HLOOKUP compares the information in the top row of search_range to the supplied search_item.  When a match is found, information located in the same column and supplied row (row_index) is returned.
		If search_item cannot be found in the top row of search_range, the largest value that is less than search_item is used.  When search_item is less than the smallest value in the first row of the search_range, #REF! is returned.
Examples:
	A	B	C	D	E
1		Midwest	Northeast	Pacific	South
2	Q1	48.23	278.21	61.97	164.80
3	Q2	163.83	22.63	161.73	183.96
4	Q3	43.96	233.56	278.16	171.98
5	Q4	245.69	167.09	245.23	163.00

In the preceding worksheet:

HLOOKUP(“Northeast”, B1:E5, 3) returns 22.63.

HLOOKUP(“Pacific”, B1:E5, 7) returns #REF!.


INDEX

LOOKUP

MATCH

VLOOKUP

Function list


HOUR function
HOUR

Description:	Returns the hour component of the specified time in 24-hour format.
Syntax:	HOUR(serial_number) serial_number is the time as a serial number.  The decimal portion of the number represents time as a fraction of the day.
Note
		The result is an integer ranging from 0 (12:00 AM) to 23 (11:00 PM).
Examples:	HOUR(34259.4) returns 9.
	HOUR(34619.976) returns 23.


DAY

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

WEEKDAY

YEAR

Function list


IF function
IF

Description:	Tests the condition and returns the specified value.
Syntax:	IF(condition, true_value, false_value) condition is any logical expression. true_value is the value to be returned if condition evaluates to True. false_value is the value to be returned if condition evaluates to False.
Examples:	IF(A1>10, “Greater”, “Less”) returns Greater if the contents of A1 are greater than 10 and Less if the contents of A1 are less than 10.


AND

FALSE

NOT

OR

TRUE

Function list


INDEX function
INDEX

Description:	Returns the contents of a cell from a specified range.
Syntax:	INDEX(reference [,row] [,column] [,range_number]) reference is a reference to one or more ranges.
		If reference specifies more than one range, separate each reference with a comma and enclose reference in parentheses (for example, (A1:C6, B7:E14, F4)).
		If each range in reference contains only one row or column, you can omit the row or column argument.  For example, if reference is A1:A15, you can omit the column argument (for example, INDEX(A1:A15, 3, 1)).
	row is row number in reference from which to return data. column is column number in reference from which to return data. range_number specifies the range from which data is returned if reference contains more than one range.  For example, if reference is (A1:A10, B1:B5, D14:E23), A1:A10 is range_number 1, B1:B5 is range_number 2, and D14:E23 is range_number 3.
Note
		If row, column, and range_number do not point to a cell within reference, #REF! is returned.  If row and column are omitted, INDEX returns the range in reference specified by range_number.
Examples:
	A	B	C	D	E
1	Sales Group 1			Sales Group 2
2	Adams			Cash	$1,819.47
3	Baker			Johnson	$1,733.67
4	Martinez			Nelson	$1,138.23
5	Smith			Randall	$1,634.58
6	White			Schultz	$1,093.82

In the preceding worksheet:

INDEX(A2:B6, 2, 2) returns $1415.35.

INDEX((A2:B6, D2:E6), 4, 2, 2) returns $1634.58.


CHOOSE

HLOOKUP

LOOKUP

MATCH

VLOOKUP

Function list


INDIRECT function
INDIRECT

Description:	Returns the contents of the cell referenced by the specified cell.
Syntax:	INDIRECT(ref_text [, a1]) ref_text is a reference to a cell that references a third cell.  If ref_text is not a valid reference, #REF! is returned. a1 is the reference format.  This argument must be TRUE() to represent an A1 reference format; Formula One does not support the R1C1 reference format.
Examples:	INDIRECT(C1) returns the contents of the cell that C1 references.  If C1 contains “D1”, the contents of D1 is returned by INDIRECT.


OFFSET

Function list


INT function
INT

Description:	Rounds the supplied number down to the nearest integer.
Syntax:	INT(number) number is any real number.
Examples:	INT(10.99) returns 10.
	INT(-10.99) returns -11.


CEILING

FLOOR

MOD

ROUND

TRUNC

Function list


IPMT function
IPMT

Description:	Returns the interest payment of an annuity for a given period, based on regular payments and a fixed periodic interest rate.
Syntax:	IPMT(interest, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type]) interest is the fixed periodic interest rate. per is the period for which to return the interest payment.  This number must be between 1 and nper. nper is the number of payments. pv is the present value, or the lump sum amount the annuity is currently worth. fv is the future value, or the value after all payments are made.  If this argument is omitted, the future value is assumed to be 0. type indicates when payments are due.  Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period.  When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.
Note
		The units used for interest must match those used for nper.  For example, if the annuity has an 8% annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8%/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper.
		Cash paid out, such as a payment, is shown as a negative number.  Cash received, such as a dividend check, is shown as a positive number.
Examples:	IPMT(*%/12, 1, 48, 18000) returns -117.87.
	IPMT(*%/12, 2, 48, 18000, 0, 1) returns -117.09.


FV

PMT

PPMT

RATE

Function list


IRR function
IRR

Description:	Returns internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows.
Syntax:	IRR(cash_flow [, guess]) cash_flow is a reference to a range that contains values for which to calculate the internal rate of return.  The values must contain at least one positive and one negative value.
		During calculation, IRR uses the order in which the values appear to determine the order of the cash flow.
		Text, logical values, and empty cells in the range are ignored.
	guess is the estimate of the internal rate of return.  If no argument is supplied, a rate of return of 10 percent is assumed.
Note
		The internal rate of return is the interest rate received for an investment consisting of payments (specified by negative numbers) and investments (specified by positive numbers).
		IRR is calculated iteratively, cycling through the calculation until the result is accurate to .0000l percent.  If the result cannot be found after 20 iterations, #NUM! is returned.  When this occurs, supply a different value for guess.
Examples:		A	B
	1	Investment	($60,000.00)
	2	1989 income	$9,590.00
	3	1990 income	$10,580.00
	4	1991 income	$12,790.00
	5	1992 income	$15,830.00
	6	1993 income	$18,930.00

In the preceding worksheet:

IRR(B1:B6) returns 3.72%

IRR(B1:B3, -20%) returns -49.26%


MIRR

NPV

RATE

Function list


ISBLANK function
ISBLANK

Description:	Determines whether the specified cell is blank.
Syntax:	ISBLANK(reference) reference is a reference to any cell.
Note
		If the referenced cell is blank, True is returned.  False is returned if the cell is not blank.
Examples:	ISBLANK(A1) returns True if A1 is a blank cell.


ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT

Function list


ISERR function
ISERR

Description:	Determines whether the specified expression returns an error value.
Syntax:	ISERR(expression) expression is any expression.
Note
		If the expression returns any error except #N/A!, True is returned.  Otherwise, False is returned.
Examples:	ISERR(A1) returns True if A1 contains a formula that returns an error (for example, #NUM!).


ISBLANK

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT

Function list


ISERROR function
ISERROR

Description:	Determines whether the specified expression returns an error value.
Syntax:	ISERROR(expression) expression is any expression.
Note
		If the expression returns any error value (for example, #N/a!, #VALUE!, #REF!, #DIV/0!, #NUM!, #NAME?, or #NULL!), True is returned.  Otherwise, False is returned.
Examples:	ISERROR(4/0) returns True.
	ISERROR(A1) returns False if A1 contains a formula that does not return an error.


ISBLANK

ISERR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT

Function list


ISLOGICAL function
ISLOGICAL

Description:	Determines whether the specified expression returns a logical value.
Syntax:	ISLOGICAL(expression) expression is any expression.
Note
		If the expression returns a logical value, True is returned.  Otherwise, False is returned.
Examples:	ISLOGICAL(ISBLANK(A1) returns True because ISBLANK returns a logical value.


ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT

Function list


ISNA function
ISNA

Description:	Determines whether the specified expression returns the value not available error.
Syntax:	ISNA(expression) expression is any expression.
Note
		If the expression returns the #N/A! error, True is returned.  Otherwise, False is returned.
Examples:	ISNA(A1) returns True if cell A1 contains the NA() function or returns the error value #N/A!.


ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT

Function list


ISNONTEXT function
ISNONTEXT

Description:	Determines whether the specified expression is not text.
Syntax:	ISNONTEXT(expression) expression is any expression.
Note
		If the expression returns any value that is not text, True is returned.  Otherwise, False is returned.
Examples:	ISNONTEXT(F3) returns True if cell F3 contains a number or is a blank cell.
	ISNONTEXT(“text”) returns False.


ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT

Function list


ISNUMBER function
ISNUMBER

Description:	Determines whether the specified expression is a number.
Syntax:	ISNUMBER(expression) expression is any expression.
Note
		If the expression returns a number, True is returned.  Otherwise, False is returned.  If expression returns a number represented as text (for example, “12”), False is returned.
Examples:	ISNUMBER(123.45) returns True.
	ISNUMBER(“123”) returns False.


ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISREF

ISTEXT

Function list


ISREF function
ISREF

Description:	Determines whether the specified expression is a range reference.
Syntax:	ISREF(expression) expression is any expression.
Note
		If the expression returns a range reference, True is returned.  Otherwise, False is returned.
Examples:	ISREF(A3) returns True.


ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISTEXT

Function list


ISTEXT function
ISTEXT

Description:	Determines whether the specified expression is text.
Syntax:	ISTEXT(expression) expression is any expression.
Note
		If the expression returns text, True is returned.  Otherwise, False is returned.
Examples:	ISTEXT(“2nd Quarter”) returns True.


ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

Function list


LEFT function
LEFT

Description:	Returns the leftmost characters from the specified text string.
Syntax:	LEFT(text [, num_chars}) text is any text string. num_chars is the number of characters to return.  This value must be greater than or equal to zero.  If num_chars is greater than the number of characters in text, the entire string is returned.  Omitting this argument assumes a value of 1.
Examples:	LEFT(“2nd Quarter”) returns “2”.
	LEFT(“2nd Quarter”, 3) returns “2nd”.


MID

RIGHT

Function list


LEN function
LEN

Description:	Returns the number of characters in the supplied text string.
Syntax:	LEN(text)
Examples:	LEN(“3rd Quarter”) returns 11.
	LEN(“1-3”) returns 3.


EXACT

SEARCH

Function list


LN function
LN

Description:	Returns the natural logarithm (based on the constant e) of a number.
Syntax:	LN(number) number is any positive real number.
Note
		LN is the inverse of the EXP function.
Examples:	LN(12.18) returns 2.50.
	LN(20.09) returns 3.00.


EXP

LOG

LOG10

Function list


LOG function
LOG

Description:	Returns the logarithm of a number to the specified base.
Syntax:	LOG(number [,base]) number is any positive real number. base is the base of the logarithm.  Omitting this argument assumes a base of 10.
Examples:	LOG(1) returns 0.
	LOG(10) returns 1.


EXP

LN

LOG10

Function list


LOG10 function
LOG10

Description:	Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.
Syntax:	LOG10(number) number is any positive real number.
Examples:	LOG10(260) returns 2.41.
	LOG10(100) returns 2.


EXP

LN

LOG

Function list


LOOKUP function
LOOKUP

Description:	Searches for a value in one range and returns the contents of the corresponding position in a second range.
Syntax:	LOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_range, result_range) lookup_value is the value for which to search in the first range. lookup_range is the first range to search and contains only one row or one column.
		The range can contain numbers, text, or logical values.
		To search lookup_range correctly, the expressions in the range must be placed in ascending order (for example, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2...A through Z, False, True).  The search is not case-sensitive.
	result_range is a range of one row or one column that is the same size as lookup-range.
Note
		If lookup_value does not have an exact match in lookup_range, the largest value that is less than or equal to lookup_value is found and the corresponding position in result_range is returned.  When lookup_value is smaller than the data in lookup_range, #N/A is returned.
Examples:		A	B
	1	Region	Headquarters
	2	Midwest	Kansas City
	3	North	Detroit
	4	Northeast	Philadelphia
	5	Pacific	Portland
	6	South	Atlanta
	7	Southwest	Phoenix
In the preceding worksheet:

LOOKUP(“North”, A2:A7, B2:B7) returns Detroit.

LOOKUP(“Alabama”, A2:A7, B2:B7) returns #N/A.


HLOOKUP

INDEX

VLOOKUP

Function list


LOWER function
LOWER

Description:	Changes the characters in the specified string to lowercase characters.  Numeric characters in the string are not changed.
Syntax:	LOWER(text) text is any string.
Examples:	LOWER(“3rd Quarter”) returns “3rd quarter”.
	LOWER(“JOHN DOE”) returns “john doe”.


PROPER

UPPER

Function list


MATCH function
MATCH

Description:	A specified value is compared against values in a range.  The position of the matching value in the search range is returned.
Syntax:	MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_range, comparison) lookup_value is the value against which to compare.  It can be a number, text, or logical value or a reference to a cell that contains one of those values. lookup_range is the range to search and contains only one row or one column.  The range can contain numbers, text, or logical values. comparison is a number that represents the type of comparison to be made between lookup_value and the values in lookup_range.  When you omit this argument, comparison method 1 is assumed.
		When comparison is 1, the largest value that is less than or equal to lookup_value is matched.  When using this comparison method, the values in lookup_range must be in ascending order (for example, ...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2..., A through Z, False, True).
		When comparison is 0, the first value that is equal to lookup_value is matched.  When using this comparison method, the values in lookup_range can be in any order.
		When comparison is -1, the smallest value that is greater than or equal to lookup_value is matched.  When using this comparison method, the values in lookup_range must be in descending order (for example, True, False, Z through A, ...2, 1, 0, -1, -2...).
Note
		When using comparison method 0 and lookup_value is text, lookup_value can contain wild-card characters.  The wild-card characters are * (asterisk), which matches any sequence of characters, and ? (question mark), which matches any single character.
		When no match is found for lookup_value, #N/A is returned.
Examples:		A	B
	1	Mfr. Code	Stock No.
	2	BAJ	0677
	3	DOD	0753
	4	FMH	0816
	5	JMR	0913
	6	PLY	7534
	7	TJL	7763

In the preceding worksheet:

MATCH(7600, B2:B7,1) returns 5.

MATCH(“D*”, A2:A7,0) returns 2.


HLOOKUP

INDEX

LOOKUP

VLOOKUP

Function list


MAX function
MAX

Description:	Returns the largest value in the specified list of numbers.
Syntax:	MAX(number_list) number_list is a list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.
		The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values.
		Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers returns errors.
		Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers returns errors.
		If there are no numbers in the list, 0 is returned.
Examples:	MAX(50, 100, 150, 500, 200) returns 500.
	MAX(A1:F12) returns the largest value in the range.


AVERAGE

MIN

Function list


MID function
MID

Description:	Returns the specified number of characters from a text string, beginning with the specified starting position.
Syntax:	MID(text, start_position, num_chars) text is the string from which to return characters. start_position is the position of the first character to return from text.
		If start_position is 1, the first character in text is returned.
		If start_position is greater than the number of characters in text, an empty strong (“”) is returned.
		If start_position is less than 1, #VALUE! is returned.
	num_chars is the number of characters to return.  If num_chars is negative, #VALUE! is returned.
Note
		If start_position plus the number of characters in num_chars exceeds the length of text, the characters from start_position to the end of text are returned.
Examples:	MID(“Travel Expenses”, 8, 8) returns “Expenses”.
	MID(“Part #45-7234”, 7, 2) returns 45.


CODE

FIND

LEFT

RIGHT

SEARCH

Function list


MIN function
MIN

Description:	Returns the smallest value in the specified list of numbers.
Syntax:	MIN(number_list number_list is a list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.
		The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values.
		Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers returns errors.
		If a range reference is included in the list, text, logical expressions, and empty cells in the range are ignored.
		If there are no numbers in the list, 0 is returned.
Examples:	MIN(50, 100, 150, 500, 200) returns 50.
	MIN(A1:F12) returns the smallest value in the range.


AVERAGE

MAX

Function list


MINUTE function
MINUTE

Description:	Returns the minute that corresponds to the supplied date.
Syntax:	MINUTE(serial_number) serial_number is the time as a serial number.  The decimal portion of the number represents time as a fraction of the day.
Note
		The result is an integer ranging from 0 to 59.
Examples:	MINUTE(34506.4) returns 36.
	MINUTE(34399.825) returns 48.


DAY

HOUR

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

WEEKDAY

YEAR

Function list


MIRR function
MIRR

Description:	Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of periodic cash flows.
Syntax:	MIRR(cash_flows,finance_rate,reinvest_rate) cash_flow is a reference to a range that contains values for which to calculate the modified internal rate of return.  The values must contain at least one positive and one negative value.
		During calculation, MIRR uses the order in which the values appear to determine the order of cash flow.
		Values that represent cash received should be positive; negative values represent cash paid.
		Values that represent cash received should be positive; negative values represent cash paid.
	finance_rate is the interest rate paid on money used in the cash flow. reinvest_rate is the interest rate received on money reinvested from the cash flow.
Note
		The modified internal rate of return considers the cost of the investment and the interest received on the reinvestment of cash.
Examples:		A	B
	1	Investment	($60,000.00)
	2	1989 income	$9,590.00
	3	1990 income	$10,580.00
	4	1991 income	$12,790.00
	5	1992 income	$15,830.00
	6	1993 income	$18,930.00

In the preceding worksheet:

MIRR(B1:B6, 12%, 8%) returns 5.20%.

MIRR(B1:B3, 12%, 8%) returns -40.93%.


IRR

NPV

RATE

Function list


MOD function
MOD

Description:	Returns the remainder after dividing a number by a specified divisor.
Syntax:	MOD(number, divisor) number is any number. divisor is any non-zero number.  If divisor is 0, #DIV/0! is returned.
Examples:	MOD(-23, 3) returns 1.
	MOD(-23, -3) returns -2.


INT

ROUND

TRUNC

Function list


MONTH function
MONTH

Description:	Returns the month that corresponds to the supplied date.
Syntax:	MONTH(serial_number) serial_number is the date as a serial number or as text (for example, “06-21-94” or “21-Jun-94”).
Note
		MONTH returns a number ranging from 1 (January) to 12 (December).
Examples:	MONTH(“06-21-94”) returns 6.
	MONTH(34626) returns 10.


DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

NOW

SECOND

TODAY

WEEKDAY

YEAR

Function list


N function
N

Description:	Tests the supplied value and returns the value if it is a number.
Syntax:	N(value) value is a value or a reference to a cell containing a value to test.
Note
		Numbers are returned as numbers, serial numbers formatted as dates are returned as serial numbers, and the logical function TRUE() is returned as 1.  All other expressions return 0.
Examples:	N(32467) returns 32467.
	N(A4) returns 1 if A4 contains the logical function True.


T

VALUE

Function list


NA function
NA

Description:	Returns the error value #N/A, which represents “not available.”
Syntax:	NA( )
Note
		Use NA to mark cells that lack data without leaving them empty.  Empty cells may not be correctly represented in some calculations.
		Although NA does not use arguments, you must supply the empty parentheses to correctly reference the function.


ISNA

Function list


NOT function
NOT

Description:	Returns a logical value that is the opposite of its value.
Syntax:	NOT(logical) logical is an expression that returns a logical value (for example, True or False).
Note
		If logical is false, NOT returns True.  Conversely, if logical is true, NOT returns False.
Examples:	NOT(TRUE( )) returns False.
	NOT(MONTH(“12/25/94”) = 12) returns False.


AND

IF

OR

Function list


NOW function
NOW

Description:	Returns the current date and time as a serial number.
Syntax:	NOW( )
Note
		In a serial number, numbers to the left of the decimal point represent the date; numbers to the right of the decimal point represent the time.  The result of this function changes only when a recalculation of the worksheet occurs.


DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

SECOND

TODAY

WEEKDAY

YEAR

DATE

Function list


NPER function
NPER

Description:	Returns the number of periods of an investment based on regular periodic payments and a fixed interest rate.
Syntax:	NPER(interest, pmt, pf [,fv] [, type]) interest is the fixed interest rate. pmt is the fixed payment made each period.  Generally, pmt includes the principal and interest, not taxes or other fees. pf is the present value, the lump-sum amount that a series of future payments is currently worth. fv is the future value, the balance to attain after the final payment.  Omitting this argument assumes a future balance of 0. type indicates when payments are due.  Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period.  When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.
Note
Examples:	NPER(12%/12,  -350, -300, 16000, 1) returns 36.67.
	NPER(1%, -350, -300, 16000) returns 36.98.


FV

IPMT

PMT

PPMT

PV

RATE

Function list


NPV function
NPV

Description:	Returns the net present value of an investment based on a series of periodic payments and a discount rate.
Syntax:	NPV(discount_rate, value_list) discount_rate is the rate of discount for one period. value_list is a list of as many as 29 arguments or a reference to a range that contains values that represent payments and income.
		During calculation, NPV uses the order in which the values appear to determine the order of cash flow.
		Numbers, empty cells, and text representations of numbers are included in the calculation.  Errors and text that cannot be translated into numbers are ignored.
		If value_list is a range reference, only numeric data in the range is included in the calculation.  Other types of data in the range (for example, empty cells, logical values, text, and error values) are ignored.
Note
		The time span NPV uses for calculation begins one period before the first cash flow date and ends when the last cash flow payment is made.  This function is based on future cash flows.  When your first cash flow occurs at the beginning of the first period, the first value must be added to the NPV result, not supplied as a value in value_list.
Examples:	NPV(8%, -12000, 3000, 3000, 3000, 7000) returns 811.57.


FV

IRR

PV

Function list


ODD function
ODD

Description:	Rounds the specified number up to the nearest odd integer.
Syntax:	ODD(number) number is any number, a formula that evaluates to a number, or a reference to a cell that contains a number.
Examples:	ODD(3,5) returns 5.
	ODD(6) returns 7.


CEILING

EVEN

FLOOR

INT

ROUND

TRUNC

Function list


OFFSET function
OFFSET

Description:	Returns the contents of a range that is offset from a starting point in the spreadsheet.
Syntax:	OFFSET(reference, rows, columns [, height] [, width]) reference is a reference to cell from which the offset reference is based.  If you specify a range reference, #VALUE! is returned. rows is the number of rows from reference that represents the upper left cell of the offset range.  A positive number represents rows below the starting cell; a negative number represents rows above the starting cell.  If rows places the upper left cell of the offset range outside the spreadsheet boundary, #REF! is returned. columns is the number of columns from reference that represents the upper left cell of the offset range.  A positive number represents columns right of the starting cell; a negative number represents columns left of the starting cell.  If the columns parameter places the upper left cell of the offset range outside the spreadsheet boundary, #REF! is returned. height is a positive number representing the number of rows to include in the offset range.  Omitting this argument assumes a single row. width is a positive number representing the number of columns to include in the offset range.  Omitting this argument assumes a single column.
Note
		OFFSET does not change the current selection on the spreadsheet.  Because it returns a reference, OFFSET can be used in any function that requires or uses a cell or range reference as an argument.
Examples:	OFFSET(B1, 3, 2, 1, 1) returns the contents of cell D4.
	SUM(OFFSET(A1, 2, 4, 3, 2) ) equals the sum of the range E3:F5.


Function list


OR function
OR

Description:	Returns True if at least one of a series of logical arguments is true.
Syntax:	OR(logical_list) logical_list is a list of conditions separated by commas.  You can include as many as 30 conditions in the list.  The list can contain logical values or a reference to a range containing logical values.  Text and empty cells are ignored.  If there are no logical values in the list, the error value #VALUE! is returned.
Examples:	OR(1 + 1 = 1, 5  + 5 = 10) returns True because one of the arguments is true.


AND

IF

NOT

Function list


PI function
PI

Description:	Returns the value of pi (), which is approximately 3.14159265358979 when calculated to 15 significant digits.
Syntax:	PI( )
Note
		Although PI does not use arguments, you must supply the empty parentheses to correctly reference the function.


COS

SIN

TAN

Function list


PMT function
PMT

Description:	Returns the periodic payment of an annuity, based on regular payments and a fixed periodic interest rate.
Syntax:	PMT(interest, nper, pv [,fv] [,type]) interest is the fixed periodic interest rate. nper is the number of periods in the annuity. pv is the present value, or the amount the annuity is currently worth. fv is the future value, or the amount the annuity will be worth.  When you omit this argument, a future value of 0 is assumed. type indicates when payments are due.  Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period.  When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.
Note
		PMT returns only the principal and interest payment. It does not include taxes or other fees.
		The units used for interest must match those used for nper.  For example, if the annuity has an 8% annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8%/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper
		Cash paid out, such as a payment, is shown as a negative number.  Cash received, such as a dividend check, is shown as a positive number.
Examples:	PMT(8%/12, 48, 18000) returns -439.43.
	PMT(8%/12, 48, 18000, 0, 1) returns -436.52.


FV

IPMT

NPER

PPMT

PV

RATE

Function list


PPMT function
PPMT

Description:	Returns the principal paid on an annuity for a given period.
Syntax:	PPMT(interest, per, nper, pv, [fv], [type]) interest is the fixed periodic interest rate. per is the period for which to return the principal. nper is the number of periods in the annuity. pv is the present value, or the amount the annuity is currently worth. fv is the future value, or the amount the annuity will be worth.  When you omit this argument, a future value of 0 is assumed. type indicates when payments are due.  Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period.  When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.
Note
		The units used for interest must match those used for nper.  For example, if the annuity has an 8% annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8%/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper.
Examples:	PPMT(8%/12, 2, 48, 18000) returns -321.56.
	PPMT(8%/12, 2, 48, 18000, 0, 1) returns -319.43.


FV

IPMT

NPER

PMT

PV

RATE

Function list


PRODUCT function
PRODUCT

Description:	Multiplies a list of numbers and returns the result.
Syntax:	PRODUCT(number_list) number_list is a list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.
		The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values.
		Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers returns errors.
		If a range reference is included in the list, then text, logical expressions, and empty cells in the range are ignored.
		All numeric values, including 0, are used in the calculation.
Examples:	PRODUCT(1, 2, 3, 4) returns 24.


FACT

SUM

Function list


PROPER function
PROPER

Description:	Returns the specified string in proper-case format.
Syntax:	PROPER(text) text is any string.
Note
		In proper-case format, the first alphabetic character in a word is capitalized.  If an alphabetic character follows a number, punctuation mark, or space, it is capitalized.  All other alphabetic characters are lowercase.  Numbers are not changed by PROPER.
Examples:	PROPER(“3rd Quarter”) returns “3Rd Quarter”.
	PROPER(“JOHN DOE”) returns “John Doe”.


LOWER

UPPER

Function list


PV function
PV

Description:	Returns the present value of an annuity, considering a series of constant payments made over a regular payment period.
Syntax:	PV(interest, nper, pmt [,fv] [,type]) interest is the fixed periodic interest rate. nper is the number of payment periods in the investment. pmt is the fixed payment made each period. fv is the future value, or the amount the annuity will be worth.  When you omit this argument, a future value of 0 is assumed. type indicates when payments are due.  Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period.  When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed.
Note
		The units used for interest must match those used for nper.  For example, if the annuity has an 8% annual interest rate over a period of 5 years, specify 8%/12 for interest and 5*12 for nper.
		Cash paid out, such as a payment, is shown as a negative number.  Cash received, such as a dividend check, is shown as a positive number.
Examples:	PV(*%/12, 48, 439.43) returns-17999.89.
	PV(8%/12, 48, -439.43) returns 17000.89.


FV

IPMT

NPER

PMT

PPMT

RATE

Function list


RAND function
RAND

Description:	Returns a number selected randomly from an even distribution greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1.
Syntax:	RAND( )
Note
		Since the RAND function generates a number between 0 and 1, you must multiply the RAND function by the highest number.
		Although RAND does not use arguments, you must supply the empty parentheses to correctly reference the function.
Examples:	RAND( ) *10 returns a random number greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10.


Function list


RATE function
RATE

Description:	Returns the interest rate per period of an annuity, given a series of constant cash payments made over a regular payment period.
Syntax:	RATE(nper, pmt, pv [,fv] [,type] [,guess]) nper is the number of periods in the annuity. pmt is the fixed payment made each period.  Generally, pmt includes only principal and interest, not taxes or other fees. pv is the present value of the annuity. fv is the future value, or the amount the annuity will be worth.  When you omit this argument, a future value of 0 is assumed. type indicates when payments are due.  Use 0 if payments are due at the end of the period or 1 if payments are due at the beginning of the period.  When you omit this argument, 0 is assumed. guess is your estimate of the interest rate. If no argument is supplied, a value of .1 (10%) is assumed.
Note
		RATE is calculated iteratively, cycling through the calculation until the result is accurate to .00001 percent.  If the result cannot be found after 20 iterations, #NUM! is returned.  When this occurs, supply a different value for guess.
Examples:	RATE(48, -439.43, 18000) returns .0067 (rounded to 4 decimals), which is the monthly interest rate.  The annual interest rate (.0067 multiplied by 12) is 8%.


FV

IPMT

NPER

PMT

PPMT

PV

Function list


REPLACE function
REPLACE

Description:	Replaces part of a text string with another text string.
Syntax:	REPLACE(orig_text, start_position, num_chars, repl_text) orig_text is the original text string. start_position is the character position at which the replacement begins. If start_position is greater than the number of characters in orig_text, repl_text is appended to the end of orig_text. If start_position is less than 1, #VALUE! is returned. num_chars is the number of characters to replace.  If this argument is negative, #VALUE! is returned. repl_text is the replacement text string.
Examples:	REPLACE(“For the year:  1993”, 18, 1, “4”) returns “For the year:  1994”.


MID

SEARCH

TRIM

Function list


REPT function
REPT

Description:	Repeats a text string the specified number of times.
Syntax:	REPT(text, number) text is any text string. number is the number of times you want text to repeat.  If number is 0, empty text (” “) is returned.
Note
		The result of REPT cannot exceed 255 characters.
Examples:	REPT(“error-”, 3) returns “error-error-error-”.


Function list


RIGHT function
RIGHT

Description:	Returns the rightmost characters from the given text string.
Syntax:	RIGHT(text{, num_chars]) text is any text string. num_chars is the number of characters to return.  The value must be greater than or equal to zero.  If num_chars is greater than the number of characters in text, the entire string is returned.  Omitting this argument assumes a value of 1.
Examples:	RIGHT(“2nd Quarter”) returns “r”.
	RIGHT(‘2nd Quarter”, 7) returns “Quarter”.


LEFT

MID

Function list


ROUND function
ROUND

Description:	Rounds the given number to the supplied number of decimal places.
Syntax:	ROUND(number, precision) number is any value. precision is the number of decimal places to which number is rounded.
		When a negative precision is used, the digits to the right of the decimal point are dropped and the absolute number of significant digits specified by precision is replaced with zeros.
		If precision is 0, number is rounded to the nearest integer.
Examples:	ROUND(123.456, 2) returns 123.46.
	ROUND(98899.435, -2) returns 9900.


CEILING

FLOOR

INT

MOD

TRUNC

Function list


ROW Function

Description:	Returns the row number of the supplied reference.
Syntax:	ROW(reference) reference is a cell or range reference.  Omitting this argument returns the row number of the cell in which ROW is entered.
Examples:	ROW(B3) returns 3.


COLUMN

ROWS

Function list


ROWS function
ROWS

Description:	Returns the number of rows in a range reference.
Syntax:	ROWS(range) range is a reference to a range of cells.
Examples:	ROWS(A1:D5) returns 5.
	ROWS(C30:F35) returns 6.


COLUMNS

ROW

Function list


SEARCH function
SEARCH

Description:	Locates the position of the first character of a specified text string within another text string.
Syntax:	SEARCH(search_text, text {, start_position]) search_text is the text to find.
		The search string can contain wild-card characters.  The available wild-card characters are * (asterisk), which matches any sequence of characters, and ? (question mark), which matches any single character.
		To search for an asterisk or question mark, include a tilde (~) before the character.
	text is the text to be searched. start_position is the character position at which the search begins.  If the number you specify is less than 0 or greater than the number of characters in text, #VALUE! is returned.  Omitting this argument assumes a starting position of 1.
Note
		Text is searched from left to right, starting at the position specified.  The search is not case-sensitive.  If text does not contain the search string, #VALUE! is returned.
Examples:	SEARCH(“?5”, “Bin b45”) returns 6.
	SEARCH(“b”, “Bin b45”, 4) returns 5.


FIND

MID

REPLACE

SUBSTITUTE

Function list


SECOND function
SECOND

Description:	Returns the second that corresponds to the supplied date.
Syntax:	SECOND(serial_number) serial_number is the time as a serial number.  The decimal portion of the number represents time as a fraction of the day.
Examples:	SECOND(.259) returns 58.
	SECOND(34657.904) returns 46.


DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

TODAY

WEEKDAY

YEAR

DATE

Function list


SIGN function
SIGN

Description:	Determines the sign of the specified number.
Syntax:	SIGN(number) number is any number.
Note
		SIGN returns 1 if the specified number is positive, -1 if it is negative, and 0 if it is 0.
Examples:	SIGN(-123) returns -1.
	SIGN(123) returns 1.


ABS

Function list


SIN function
SIN

Description:	Returns the sine of the supplied angle.
Syntax:	SIN(number) number is the angle in radians.  If the angle is in degrees, convert the angle to radians by multiplying the angle by PI()/180.
Examples:	SIN(45) returns .85.
	SIN(90) returns .89.


ASIN

PI

Function list


SINH function
SINH

Description:	Returns the hyperbolic sine of the specified number.
Syntax:	SINH(number) number is any number.
Examples:	SINH(1) returns 1.18.
	SINH(3) returns 10.02.


ASINH

PI

Function list


SLN function
SLN

Description:	Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specific period of time using the straight-line balance method.
Syntax:	SLN(cost, salvage, life) cost is the initial cost of the asset. salvage is the salvage value of the asset. life is the number of periods of the useful life of the asset.
Examples:	SLN(10000, 1000, 7) returns 1285.71.


DDB

SYD

VDB

Function list


SQRT function
SQRT

Description:	Returns the square root of the specified number.
Syntax:	SQRT(number) number is any positive number.  If you specify a negative number, #NUM! is returned.
Examples:	SQRT(9) returns 3.
	SQRT(2.5) returns 1.58.


SUMSQ

Function list


STDEV function
STDEV

Description:	Returns the standard deviation of a population based on a sample of supplied values.  The standard deviation of a population represents an average of deviations from the population mean within a list of values.
Syntax:	STDEV(number_list) number_list is a list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.  The list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers.
Examples:	STDEV(4.0, 3.0, 3.5, 2.5, 4.0, 3.5) returns .56.


STDEVP

VAR

VARP

Function list


STDEVP function
STDEVP

Description:	Returns the standard deviation of a population based on an entire population of values.  The standard deviation of a population represents an average of deviations from the population mean within a list of values.
Syntax:	STDEVP(number_list) number_list is a list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.  The list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers.
Examples:	STDEVP(4.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 2.5, 4.0, 3.5) returns .52.


STDEV

VAR

VARP

Function list


SUBSTITUTE function
SUBSTITUTE

Description:	Replaces a specified part of a text string with another text string.
Syntax:	SUBSTITUTE(text, old_text, new_text [, instance]) text is a text string that contains the text to replace.  You can also specify a reference to a cell that contains text. old_text is the text string to be replaced. new_text is the replacement text. instance specifies the occurrence of old_text to replace.  If this argument is omitted, every instance of old_text is replaced.
Examples:	SUBSTITUTE(“First Quarter Results”, “First”, “Second”) returns “Second Quarter Results”.
	SUBSTITUTE(“Shipment 45, Bin 45”, “45”, “52”, 2) returns “shipment 45, Bin 52”.


REPLACE

TRIM

Function list


SUM function
SUM

Description:	Returns the sum of the supplied numbers.
Syntax:	SUM(number_list) number_list is a list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.
		The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values.
		Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers returns errors.
		If a range reference is included in the list, then text, logical expressions, and empty cells in the range are ignored.
Examples:	SUM(1000, 2000, 3000) returns 6000.
	SUM(A10:D10) returns 4000 when each cell in the range contains 1000.


AVERAGE

COUNT

COUNTA

PRODUCT

SUMSQ

Function list


SUMSQ function
SUMSQ

Description:	Squares each of the supplied numbers and returns the sum of the squares.
Syntax:	SUMSQ(number_list) number_list is a list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas. The list can contain numbers, logical values, text representations of numbers, or a reference to a range containing those values. Error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers returns errors. If a range reference is included in the list, then text, logical expressions, and empty cells in the range are ignored.
Examples:	SUMSQ(9, 10, 11) returns 302.


SUM

Function list


SYD function
SYD

Description:	Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using the sum-of-years method.  This depreciation method uses an accelerated rate, where the greatest depreciation occurs early in the useful life of the asset.
Syntax:	SYD(cost, salvage, life, per) cost is the initial cost of the asset. salvage is the salvage value of the asset. life is the number of periods in the useful life of the asset. period is the period for which to calculate the depreciation.  The time units used to determine period and life must match.
Examples:	SYD(100000, 1000, 7, 3) returns 1607.14.


DDB

SLN

VDB

Function list


T function
T

Description:	Tests the supplied value and returns the value if it is text.
Syntax:	T(value) value is the value to test.
Note
		Empty text (“ “) is returned for any value that is not text.
Examples:	T(“Report”) returns “Report”.
	T(A4) returns empty text (“ “) if A4 contains a number.


N

VALUE

Function list


TAN function
TAN

Description:	Returns the tangent of the specified angle.
Syntax:	TAN(number) number is the angle in radians.  To convert a number expressed as degrees to radians, multiply the degrees by 180/PI().
Examples:	TAN(45) returns 1.62.
	TAN(90) returns -2.00.


ATAN

ATAN2

PI

TANH

Function list


TANH function
TANH

Description:	Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number.
Syntax:	TANH(number) number is any number.
Examples:	TANH(-2) returns -.96.
	TANH(1.2) returns .83.


ATANH

COSH

SINH

TAN

Function list


TEXT function
TEXT

Description:	Returns the given number as text, using the specified formatting.
Syntax:	TEXT(number, format) number is any value, a formula that evaluates to a number, or a reference to a cell that contains a value. format is a string representing a number format.  The string can be any valid format string including “General,” “M/DD/YY,” or “H:MM AM/PM.”  The format must be surrounded by a set of double quotation marks.  Asterisks cannot be include in format.
Examples:	TEXT(123.62, “0.000”) returns 123.620.
	TEXT(34626.2, “MM/DD/YY”) returns 10/19/94.


DOLLAR

FIXED

T

VALUE

Function list


TIME function
TIME

Description:	Returns a serial number for the supplied time.
Syntax:	TIME(hour, minute, second) hour is a number from 0 to 23. minute is a number from 0 to 59. second is a number from 0 to 59.
Examples:	TIME(12, 26, 24) returns .52.
	TIME(1, 43, 34) returns .07.


HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

TIMEVALUE

WEEKDAY

YEAR

Function list


TIMEVALUE function
TIMEVALUE

Description:	Returns a serial number for the supplied text representation of time
Syntax:	TIMEVALUE(text) text is a time in text format.
Examples:	TIMEVALUE(“1:43:43 am”) returns .07.
	TIMEVALUE(“14:10:07’) returns .59.


HOUR

MINUTE

NOW

SECOND

TIME

Function list


TODAY function
TODAY

Description:	Returns the current date as a serial number.
Syntax:	TODAY( )
Note
		This function is updated only when the worksheet is recalculated.


DATE

DAY

NOW

Function list


TRIM function
TRIM

Description:	Removes all spaces from text except single spaces between words.
Syntax:	TRIM(text) text is any text string or a reference to a cell that contains a text string.
Note
		Text that is imported from another environment may require this function.
Examples:	TRIM(“  Level 3,  Gate  45  “) returns “Level 3, Gate 45”.


CLEAN

MID

REPLACE

SUBSTITUTE

Function list


TRUE function
TRUE

Description:	Returns the logical value True.  This function always requires the trailing parentheses.
Syntax:	TRUE()


FALSE

Function list


TRUNC function
TRUNC

Description:	Truncates the given number to an integer.
Syntax:	TRUNC(number [, precision]) number is any value. precision is the number of decimal places allowed in the truncated number.  Omitting this argument assumes a precision of 0.
Note
		TRUNC removes the fractional part of a number to the specified precision without rounding the number.
Examples:	TRUNC(123.456, 2) returns 123.45.
	TRUNC(9899.435, -2) returns 9800.


CEILING

FLOOR

INT

MOD

ROUND

Function list


TYPE function
TYPE

Description:	Returns the argument type of the given expression.
Syntax:	TYPE(expression) expression is any expression.
Note
		The following table lists the expression types and numbers
	Expression type	Number
	Number	1
	Text String	2
	Logical value	4
	Error value	16
Examples:	TYPE(A1) returns 1 if cell A1 contains a number.
	TYPE(“Customer”) returns 2.


ISBLANK

ISERR

ISERROR

ISLOGICAL

ISNA

ISNONTEXT

ISNUMBER

ISREF

ISTEXT

Function list


UPPER function
UPPER

Description:	Changes the characters in the specified string to uppercase characters
Syntax:	UPPER(text) text is any string.
Note
		Numeric characters in the string are not changed.
Examples:	UPPER(“3rd Quarter”) returns “3RD QUARTER”.
	UPPER(“JOHN DOE”) returns “JOHN DOE”.


LOWER

PROPER

Function list


VALUE function
VALUE

Description:	Returns the specified text as a number.
Syntax:	VALUE(text) text is any text string, a formula that evaluates to a text string, or a cell reference that contains a text string.  You can also specify a date or time in a recognizable format (for example, M/DD/YY for dates or H:MM AM/PM for time).  If the format is not recognized, #VALUE! is returned.
Examples:	VALUE(9800) returns 9800.
	VALUE(“123”) returns 123.


DOLLAR

FIXED

TEXT

Function list


VAR function
VAR

Description:	Returns the variance of a population based on a sample of values.
Syntax:	VAR(number_list) number_list is a list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.  The list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers.
Examples:	VAR(4.0, 3.0, 3.5, 2.5, 4.0, 3.5) returns .31.


STDEV

STDEVP

VARP

Function list


VARP function
VARP

Description:	Returns the variance of a population based on an entire population of values.
Syntax:	VARP(number_list) number_list is a list of as many as 30 numbers, separated by commas.  The list can contain numbers or a reference to a range that contains numbers.
Examples:	VARP(4.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.5, 2.5, 4.0, 3.5) returns .27.


STDEV

STDEVP

VAR

Function list


VDB function
VDB

Description:	Returns the depreciation of an asset for a specified period using a variable method of depreciation.
Syntax:	VDB(cost, salvage, life, start_period, end_period [,factor] [,method]) cost is the initial cost of the asset. salvage is the salvage value of the asset. life is the number of periods in the useful life of the asset. start_period is the beginning period for which to calculate the depreciation.  The time units used to determine start_period and life must match. end_period is the ending period for which to calculate the depreciation.  The time units used to determine end_period and life must match. factor is the rate at which the balance declines.  Omitting this argument assumes a default of 2, which is the double-declining balance factor. method is a logical value that determines whether you want to switch to straight-line depreciation when depreciation is greater than the declining balance calculation.  Use True to maintain declining balance calculation; use False or omit the argument to switch to straight-line depreciation calculation.
Examples:	VDB(10000, 1000, 7, 3, 4) returns 1041.23.


DDB

SLN

SYD

Function list


VLOOKUP function
VLOOKUP

Description:	Searches the first column of a table for a value and returns the contents of a cell in that table that corresponds to the location of the search value.
Syntax:	VLOOKUP(search_item, search_range, column_index) search_item is a value, text string, or reference to a cell containing a value that is matched against data in the top row of search_range. search_range is the reference of the range (table) to be searched.  The cells in the first column of search_range can contain numbers, text, or logical values.  The contents of the first column must be in ascending order (for example, -2, -1, 0, 2...A through Z, False, True).  Text searches are not case-sensitive. Column_index is the column in the search range from which the matching value is returned.
		column_index can be a number from 1 to the number of rows in the search range.
		If column_index is less than 1, #VALUE! is returned.
		When column_index is greater than the number of rows in the table, #REF! if returned.
Note
		VLOOKUP compares the information in the first column of search_range to the supplied search_item.  When a match is found, information located in the same row and supplied column (column_index) is returned. If search_item cannot be found in the first column of search_range, the largest value that is less than search_item is used.  When search_item is less than the smallest value in the first column of the search_range, #REF! is returned.
Examples:
	A	B	C	D	E
1	Employee	Start Date	Emp. No.	Salary	Exempt
2	Anderson	10/15/84	2348	$37,800	Y
3	Clark	2/6/90	4891	$28,700	N
4	Davis	6/21/80	2480	$46,950	Y
5	Franklin	4/20/88	3793	$30,275	Y
6	Lee	8/30/89	3961	$25,000	N
7	Olson	11/1/81	2578	$45,780	Y
8	Turner	2/15/93	5129	$26,100	N
9	Wilson	9/1/89	3965	$31,650	Y

In the preceding worksheet:

VLOOKUP(“Clark”, A2:E9, 4) returns $28,700.

VLOOKUP(“Lee”, A2:E9, 3) returns 3961.


HLOOKUP

INDEX

LOOKUP

MATCH

Function list


WEEKDAY function
WEEKDAY

Description:	Returns the day of the week that corresponds to the supplied date.
Syntax:	WEEKDAY(serial_number) serial_number is the date as a serial number or as text (for example, “06-21-94” or “21-Jun-94”). WEEKDAY returns a number ranging from 1 (Sunday) to 7 (Saturday).
Examples:	WEEKDAY(34399.92) returns 1, indicating Sunday.
	WEEKDAY(“06/21/94”) returns 3, indicating Tuesday.


DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

TEXT

TODAY

YEAR

DATE

Function list


YEAR function
YEAR

Description:	Returns the year that corresponds to the supplied date.
Syntax:	YEAR(serial_number) Serial_number is the date as a serial number or as text (for example, “06-21-94” or 21-Jun-94:).
Examples:	YEAR(34328) returns 1993.
	YEAR(“06/21/94”) returns 1994.


DATE

DAY

HOUR

MINUTE

MONTH

NOW

SECOND

TODAY

WEEKDAY

Function list


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)

FlowCharter 7 lets you create many different kinds of charts in support of quality and process reengineering. Quality programs rely on effective communications. For quality programs, charts are the most common means of relaying data so that they can be readily understood. FlowCharter 7 automatically draws the basic charts often referred to in quality and reengineering manuals.  With these charts, you can organize and show data so that you can analyze a process. Your analysis can not only describe and detect problems with the current process, but you can predict the progress of a process.

You can create a number of charts, including:

Process charts

Cause-and-effect (Ishikawa or fishbone) charts

Organization charts

Deployment charts

Pareto charts

Histograms

Run charts (trend charts)

Control charts

Scatter charts

Pie charts

The first four process charts are created using FlowCharter 7.  The last six process charts are Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts) and are created using DataAnalyzer.  SPC charts are invaluable statistical toosl used for setting up and measuring quality control in manufacturing, process reengineering, process management, and quality assurance.

With SPC charts, you can:

Identify unstable processes

Visualize extent of variation in a process

Improve decision-making

Identify special cause variation in a process

Predict progress of a process

Determine current ability of a process

Analyze processes over time

Quickly compare data

Quickly organize data into recognizable categories

Help set priorities of a process

Illustrate impacts of individual affects

Shows relationship between paired data

Some of the applications for SPC charts are:

Analysis of stock trends

Solve customer complaint problems

Detemine effectiveness of advertising/marketing programs

Correlate social data such as crime activity and weather conditions


Histograms

Run Charts

Pareto Charts

Control Charts

Scatter Charts

Pie Charts

Cause-and-Effect Charts

Process Charts

Organization Charts

Deployment Charts


To create an SPC chart

To create control charts

To create a histogram

To create a Pareto chart

To create a pie chart

To create run charts

To create a scatter chart


Choosing a SPC Chart Type
Choosing an SPC Chart Type

Choosing the SPC chart type depends on the type of process you want to analyze.

Problem	Results of Analysis	Chart to Use
Current process is unstable	Causes of instability and extent of variation is identified	Run chart
Decision-making process needs improvement	Areas where improvement is need are identified	Run chart
There is a problem in the process that is not common to the process.	Special cause variation in a process is identified.	Run chart
You want to predict the progress of a process.	Progress of a process is predicted.
You want to know what the capability of a current process is.	Current ability of a process is determined.
You do not know how the process fares over time.	The process over time is graphically depicted.
You need fast data comparison.	Graphical depiction of data comparison is provided.
Your data has no obvious patterns or categories.	Data is quicky organized into recognizable categories.
You have identified problems in a process, but you do not know which causes are having the most affect.	Causes of a process are prioritized.	Pareto chart
You understand the overall process, but you do not know how the parts affect the process.	Impacts of individual affects are identified.
You want to see the relationship between two separate types of data.	Relationship between paired data is shown.


Histograms

Histograms show data clearly and the relationships between them. DataAnalyzer organizes your data into categories to show the relationship between those categories of data. These categories of data are depicted as bars on the histogram. (The terms "histogram" and "bar chart" are used for the same chart.) The heights of the bars indicate the proportion of data points, that is, the higher the bar, the more data points fall into that category.

The use of bars in a histogram is two-fold. As mentioned, the bars show quantities of data within categories.  Additionally, DataAnalyzer calculates data interval and frequency. The interval is determined by taking the highest and lowest data points, then dividing the range of all the data into equal parts, or intervals. Histograms show the frequency of each category by the height of the bar. The intervals are equal in size, so the bars are of equal width.

Histograms can show:

The most and least common category

The extent of any data dispersion

The shape of the distribution of data

Whether the distribution is symmetrically skewed

Whether there are any isolated categories

Note

Histograms can have only two columns.

Tips

Histograms must be derived from stable processes to be effective.

Histograms are good supporting material for run charts and control charts.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create a histogram


Run Charts

The run chart, also called a time line chart or trend chart, displays changes over a period of time. A typical use is the number of items produced each day. You can use run charts to:

Identify unstable processes

Signal special cause presence in a process

Identify the extent of variation in a process

Improve decision-making

Identify trends

The vertical line, or Y-axis, displays a quantity, such as percentages, frequencies, quantity, or dollar value. The horizontal axis, or X-axis, is divided into time intervals such as days of the week, months, or more unique periods such as first job, second job, and so on. The time sequence of the data is presented along the X-axis, from left to right. The measurements are aligned from low to high, bottom to top, along the Y-axis. DataAnalyzer enters the data points on the run chart and connects them by a straight line in the order they were generated.

Note

Run charts must have at least two columns and can have no more than 256 columns.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create run charts


Pareto Charts

A Pareto chart is a form of histograms. A Pareto chart combines a bar chart and a line chart. The bars represent the number of defects or frequency of problems in each category. The line represents the cumulative percent contribution of each of the problems. The chart is sorted according to problem frequency. The bars use the left scale, which is based on the number of failures. The cumulative frequency line uses the right scale, which is from 0 to 100 percent. To construct a Pareto chart, you need data categorized by problem (for example, defective items or number of hours) and the number for each category.

Pareto charts can:

Identify problem types in a process

Identify key areas for improvement

Indicate the order to deal with problems

Monitor process improvement over time

Assist in setting priorities of causation

Illustrate individual causation impacts

Identify what will yield the most benefit for the least effort

Provide you with the tool so you can continuously focus on improvement

Reveal whether attempts at improvement produce results

Confirm and measure the impact of improvement

Note

Pareto charts can have only two columns.

Tips

Keep the time period in which the data are accumulated the same for every category so that your comparisons are valid.

If you have several categories with small numbers, consider grouping them into a category called Other.

When applying the chart to your environment, keep in mind that it is easier to reduce the largest category by half than it is to reduce a small category to zero. Focus on improving the larger problem areas. That way, you get the most improvement for your effort.

Use Pareto charts repeatedly to confirm and measure your improvement.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create a Pareto chart


Control Charts

There are two basic purposes of a control chart:

Detecting changes in a process

Predicting the progress of a process

Control charts are based on four concepts:

All processes fluctuate with time.

Individual points are unpredictable.

A stable process fluctuates randomly, and subgroups of points from a stable process tend to fall within predictable bounds.

An unstable process does not fluctuate randomly, and these non-random fluctuations are generally out of the range of normal operations.

Visually, a control chart is a chart with limit, or control, lines. On control charts, these control lines show the standards for your evaulation of a process.  There are three kinds of control lines:

Upper control limit (UCL)

Central line

Lower control limit (LCL)

Data in control charts is made up of several subgroups consisting of  several measurements within each.  For most control charts, the measurements within a subgroup are all taken at the same time, or as part of the same batch. The one exception to this rule is the data required for a Moving Range chart since Moving Range charts contain only one value within each subgroup.

By plotting data you enter as points on the control charts, DataAnalyzer draws the control lines so that you can detect any abnormality.  With these control lines, you can use a control chart to identify:

If a process has been operating under control.  If all your data points lie within the control lines and the point grouping does not assume a recognizable form, your process in operating under control.  This means the process is in a controlled state.

Special cause variation and the extent of its variation.  When some data points are outside the control limits or assume a particular form, you have a special cause variaion.

Comparing control charts prepared at different times lets you use control charts to monitor the performance of a process over time, particularly one that has frequent outputs.  With this monitoring, you can predict the progress of a process.

There are two basic types of control charts:

Variable charts

Attribute charts

Notes

Moving Range and C charts can have only two columns.

X Avg, R charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 26 columns.

P, NP, and U charts can only have three columns.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)

Attribute Charts

Variable Charts

Control Limits and Specification Limits

X Avg, R Chart

U Chart

C Chart

P Chart

NP Chart

MR (Moving Range) Chart


To create control charts


Variable Charts

Variable data is information that changes, includes a value, and so on. Examples of variable information are:

Number of shipments leaving the warehouse per hour

pH of a chemical mixture

Environmental conditions

From your data, variable charts depict the extent of a change or impact of variety on a process.

Types of Variable Charts:

Average (X-Avg) and range (R)

Moving Range (MR)


Control Charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)

Attribute Charts

X Avg, R Chart

Control Limits and Specification Limits

MR (Moving Range) Chart


Attribute Charts

Attribute data is information that is either:

Good or bad

Yes or no

Pass or fail

From your data, you can analyze charts that depict the variances in defects.

Types of Attribute Charts

Percent defective (P)

Number of defects (NP)

Defects per constant unit (C)

Defects per variable unit (U)


Control Charts

Variable Charts

U Chart

C Chart

P Chart

NP Chart

Control Limits and Specification Limits

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


Control Limits and Specification Limits

Control charts consist of:

Data

Upper line representing the upper control limit (UCL) of the data

Center line (CL) of the data

Lower line representing the lower control limit (LCL) of the data

It is important to differentiate between control limits and specification limits. Control limits are a function of the process and can be shown with a control chart.  Specification limits are created by customer needs and expectations. In other words, process control limits do not depend on the specification limits set by a product or process design.

For example, a customer may require that a part be milled to within a thousandth of an inch. Suppose that under perfect conditions the milling machine can meet that tolerance 10% of the time, meaning you have to scrap 90% of the parts. That is not a control limit: it is a cost of doing business.

If the machine creates the part within a tolerance of less than 10% of the time, however, there is a control problem that can be addressed with control charts.

Note

DataAnalyzer sets the UCL to +3 standard deviations and the LCL to -3 standard deviations, based on a normal distribution.


Attribute Charts

Control Charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)

Control Limits and Specification Limits

P Charts

NP Charts

U Charts

C Charts

Variable Charts


X Avg, R Chart

The X Avg, R control chart is the most common type of control chart. The name is often written x-R, pronounced "X bar R." The X average chart plots the mean (average) values in the process. The R chart plots the range of the values in a particular subgroup. The DataAnalyzer feature supports up to 25 data values in each subgroup.

The result is two charts. Both show the upper control limit (UCL), the central line (CL), and the lower control limit (LCL). The first chart plots the X Avg portion. The X Avg chart plots the actual values. The second chart plots the R portion. The R chart plots the range of sizes.

Note

X Avg, R charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 26 columns.


To create an X Avg, R control chart


Control Charts

Variable Charts

Control Limits and Specification Limits

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


MR (Moving Range) Control Chart
MR (Moving Range) Chart

The Moving Range (or MR) chart is a variation of the X Avg, R Chart. You use it to represent data consisting of a single data value per subgroup. The Moving Range chart is also referred to as an XR chart or individuals chart.

Like the X Avg, R chart, the Moving Range chart consists of two graphs, the X chart and the R chart. The X chart plots the individual data values for each subgroup. The R chart plots the "moving range," which is the absolute difference between successive data values in each subgroup. Since data ranges are calculated from successive data values, this is called a "moving range."

The result is two charts. The first plots the data. The second chart plots the absolute value of the difference between each data value and the previous one.

Note

Moving Range charts can have only two columns.


To create Moving Range control charts


Control Charts

Variable Charts

Control Limits and Specification Limits

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


P Control Chart

Use P control charts:

When you want to identify the fraction of the data that is defective

When the subgroups are of different sizes

Because the subgroups have different sizes, DataAnalyzer calculates a sample size for each subgroup to eliminate the possibilty of data from subgroup sizes that are too different.  For example, if the gap is 10 and subgroup data range from 20 to 10,000, depiction of the defective data could get lost in the presentation of the data range differences.  Using sample sizes may make the UCL and LCL have a "stair-step" appearance.

Note

P control charts can only have three columns.

Calcuating sample sizes may make the UCL and LCL have a "stair-step" appearance.


To create P control charts


Control Charts

Attribute Charts

NP control charts

U control charts

C control charts

Control Limits and Specification Limits

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


NP Control Chart

Use NP control charts:

When you want to identify the number of the data that is defective

When the subgroups are the same size

Because the subgroups are the same size, NP control charts depict the number of defective data. (P control charts depict the fraction of defects.)

Note

NP control charts can only have three columns.


To create NP control charts


Control Charts

Attribute Charts

P control charts

U control charts

C control charts

Control Limits and Specification Limits

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


U Chart
U Control Chart

Use U control charts:

When you want to identify the defects per variable unit

When the subgroups are different sizes

The U chart shows the number of defects when the material being tested is not a constant area or width. An example of data appropriate for a U chart is the number of tufts in a swatch of cloth.

Because the subgroups have different sizes, DataAnalyzer calculates a sample size for each subgroup to eliminate the possibilty of data from subgroup sizes that are too different.  For example, if the gap is 10 and the subgroup data ranges from 20 to 10,000, depiction of the defective data could get lost in the presentation of the data range differences. Using sample sizes may make the UCL and LCL have a "stair-step" appearance.

Note

U charts can only have three columns.


To create U control charts


Control Charts

Attribute Charts

P control charts

NP control charts

C control charts

Control Limits and Specification Limits

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


C Control Chart

Use C control charts:

When you want to identify the defects per constant unit

When the subgroups are different sizes

The C chart shows the number of defects when the material being tested has a constant number of items that could fail. An example of data appropriate for a C chart is the number of faulty chips in a computer motherboard.

Note

C charts can have only two columns.


To create C control charts


Control Charts

Attribute Charts

P control charts

NP control charts

U control charts

Control Limits and Specification Limits

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


Scatter Charts

Scatter charts provide a method for you to depict and analyze the relationship between two variables: independent variables and dependent variables, such as call duration or amount of chemical. DataAnalyzer plots the independent variable on the vertical (y) axis and the dependent variable on the horizontal (x) axis. The pattern of distribution of data points in a scatter chart describes the strength of the relationship, or the correlation, between the factors being examined. The pattern of distribution can indicate that there is no relationship, a strong correlation, or a negative relationship.  With this information, you can identify the possible causes of problems, even when the relationship between the factors is surprising.

Reading Scatter charts

If your chart data points are in a smooth line that allows you to draw a straight curve through or near the points, then you have a correlation between the data.  The smoother the curve that can be drawn, the stronger the correlation.  A positive or negative correlation between the independent and dependent variables indicates that the variables affect each other .

In a positive correlation between the independent and dependent variables, the chart shows that the variables either both increase or both decrease.  This is shown by the spread of data points along straight lines in close proximity that spread from the bottom left of the chart to the top right of the chart.

In a negative correlation between the independent and dependent variables, one variable increases as the other decreases.  This is shown by the data points spreading from the top left of the chart toward the bottom right of the chart.

If there is no correlation or a weak correlation between the data sets, the points appear randomly on the chart.

Note

Scatter charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 256 columns.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create a scatter chart


Pie Charts

Use a pie chart to compare parts within a single data set, or series.  With a pie chart, you can illustrate the relationship of one part to the whole or one part to components of the whole. A limitation of pie charts is that they cannot compare multiple data series.  Each part of the pie is called a segment.  For emphasis, you can explode a segment after the chart is created by selecting a segment and dragging it away from the pie.

Note

Pie charts can have only two columns.

Tips

Five or six pie segments on a pie chart are ideal; 12 should be the upper limit.

For best readability, start with the largest segment. The other segments progress clockwise from large to small. If necessary, place a segment representing "all other" or "miscellaneous" after the smallest segment.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create a pie chart


Cause-and-Effect Charts

The cause-and-effect chart is a powerful problem-solving tool used to examine factors that may influence a given situation or effect. It is also called an Ishikawa chart, after the late Kaoru Ishikawa, a noted Japanese educator.

In 1943, Ishikawa first developed the cause-and-effect chart as an analysis tool for showing how various factors are related to producing an effect. The chart also is called a fishbone chart because its unusual appearance resembles a fish skeleton.

Cause-and-effect charts are used primarily for cause analysis. Cause analysis is usually a negative process. Use it when something is wrong and you want to find the reasons. It is particularly well suited for use during brainstorming sessions, which is its most widely used application.

To create a cause-and-effect chart, you first identify an effect or product. This becomes the head of the fish. You draw a backbone or spine and then attach individual bones to it. The bones represent the major causes that bring about the effect.

You add more bones to the major causes to depict sub-causes. You may add several such levels until you have enough detail. You can repeat the same cause in the chart if appropriate. The ultimate goal is to have a complete list of causes and sub-causes.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create a cause and effect chart from the template


Organization Charts

Organization charts let you view the hierarchical structure of your organization. FlowCharter 7 makes creating org charts very easy using SnapSheet.

You can connect shapes easily to create a standard organization chart. The lines are smart in that you can move their attached shapes, and the lines remain connected and aligned as the shapes move.

FlowCharter 7 has other smart features, such as data field tables, which let you enter information directly into the org chart and accumulate the data for the entire organization. Information such as the number of executives and their cumulative salaries and other costs can be extracted in reports. The data can be printed for hard copy, saved to a file for transfer to a database application, or copied onto the Clipboard for pasting into another Windows application.

An OLE Automation sample Orgchart.exe, which is found in C:\Program files\Micrografx\Graphics Suite\FlowCharter\Samples, creates an organization chart from a text file that uses tabs to indicate the levels of organization. Two examples, Orgchrt1.txt and Orgchrt2.txt, are in C:\Program files\Micrografx\Graphics Suite\FlowCharter\Samples.

For your convenience, FlowCharter 7 provides two sample charts (Orgdemo.abc and Orglink.abc in C:\Program files\Micrografx\Graphics Suite\FlowCharter\Samples). Orgdemo.abc shows an example of an Org chart that has a shape (that of Ruth Jacobs, Vice President of Marketing) that is linked to a second org chart (Orglink.abc).

To see how the linking works

1	Open the file Orgdemo.abc.

2	Double-click the V.P., Marketing shape. The file Orglink.abc opens.

You can use these sample files to create your own org charts or create new ones using the many features of FlowCharter 7.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)

Organization Charts


To create an organization chart


Deployment Charts

Deployment charts are specialized flowcharts in which the shapes that represent activities are:

Positioned in columns to correspond with one factor

Positioned in rows to correspond to another factor

Reading the corresponding row factor and column for data describes that data. It is easy to create a deployment chart in FlowCharter 7. The chart’s column and row header shapes can be snap-aligned and resized to create a precise chart format.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)

Deployment Charts


To create a deployment chart


Process Charts

A process chart is a specialized type of flowchart that shows the details of a process so that it can be readily understood. By understanding how a process flows, your quality team can make changes to improve the flow.

FlowCharter 7 makes it easy for you to draw process charts of many styles, using blocks, specialized symbols, or pictures to depict the operations (that is, the steps) involved in the process. Process charts can be used to depict the flow of anything -- from manufacturing activities to paper chases. Virtually every task that is performed and every activity that occurs can be documented in a process chart.

A sample file (Prochart.abc in C:\Program files\Micrografx\FlowCharter\Samples) illustrates one style of process chart showing the steps of a hinge adaptation procedure.

You can edit this sample file to create a four-column process chart, or you can create your own using the drawing tools. For your convenience, FlowCharter 7 comes with two template files (Prochar1.aft and Prochart.aft in C:\Program files\Micrografx\FlowCharter\Samples). Prochar1.aft is a template for a four-column process chart, and Prochart.aft is a template for a five-column process chart.


Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)

Process Charts


To create a process chart


P and NP Control Charts

Use P control charts:

When you want to identify the fraction of the data that is defective

When the subgroups are of different sizes

Use NP control charts:

When you want to identify the number of the data that is defective

When the subgroups are the same size

P Control Chart

NP Control Chart


C and U Control Charts

Use C control charts:

When you want to identify the defects per constant unit

When the subgroups are different sizes

Use U control charts:

When you want to identify the defects per variable unit

When the subgroups are different sizes

C Control Chart

U Control Chart


Insert menu (DataAnalyzer)
Insert menu

Click a command below to learn more about it.

Rows	Inserts a row into the worksheet at the current cursor location.
Columns	Inserts a column into the worksheet at the current cursor location.
Titles	Displays or hides chart titles.
Legend	Displays or hides the chart legend.
Gridlines	Displays or hides major and minor chart gridlines.
Control Lines	Displays or hides +1 and/or +2 Sigma control lines on the active DataAnalyzer X Avg, R control chart or Moving Range chart.


Rows command

Columns command

Titles command

Legend command

Gridlines command

Control Lines command


Closes this dialog box and saves all changes you have made.


Closes this dialog box without saving your changes.


Inserts a row into the worksheet at the cursor location. The row at the cursor location is moved below the inserted row.


Rows command

The Rows command inserts a row into the worksheet at the current cursor location.


To delete a row

To insert a row

Insert menu


To insert a row

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Click a row number.

3	On the Insert menu, click Rows.

Note

If you click a cell instead of the row number, a cell will be inserted instead of a whole row.  The rest of the cells in the column will move down one.  Other cells in the row will not be moved.


To delete a row

To insert a column

Insert menu


 To delete a row

1	Click the row number of the row you want to delete.

2	On the Edit menu, click Delete.


To delete a column

To insert a row

Insert menu


Inserts a column into the worksheet at the current cursor location.

You can only insert columns into Run, X Avg R, and Scatter charts.


Columns command

The Columns command inserts a column into the worksheet at the current cursor location.

Tip

You can only insert columns into Run, X Avg R, and Scatter charts.


To insert a column

To delete a column

Insert menu


 To insert a column

1	Ensure that a chart is displayed.

2	Click the column.

3	On the Insert menu, click Columns.

Notes

Moving Range, Histogram, Pareto, C, and Pie charts can have only two columns.

Run charts must have at least two columns and can have no more than 256 columns.

X Avg, R charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 26 columns.

P, NP, and U charts can only have three columns.

Scatter charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 256 columns.


To delete a column

To insert a row

Insert menu


To delete a column

1	Click the header of the column that you want to delete.

2	On the Edit menu, click Delete.

Notes

Each chart type requires a certain number of columns.  For example, a pie chart requires at least two columns; an X Avg, R chart requires at least three columns. You cannot delete a column if, by doing so, it would leave fewer than the minimum number of columns in the worksheet.

Run charts must have at least two columns and can have no more than 256 columns.

X Avg, R charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 26 columns.

Scatter charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 256 columns.


To delete a row

To insert a column

Insert menu


Displays or hides the chart title.  Also displays or hides the chart axis titles.


Titles command

The Tiles command displays or hides the chart title.  Also displays or hides the chart axis titles.


To display or hide chart titles

Insert menu


Titles dialog box

Use this dialog box to display or hide the chart titles and the chart axis titles.

Tip

For Help on a setting, click [image] at the top of the dialog box, and then click the setting.You can also right-click the setting, and then click What's This?


To display or hide chart titles

Insert menu


Specifies whether the title for the chart value (Y) axis is displayed.


Specifies whether the title for the chart category (X) axis is displayed.


Specifies whether the title for the chart second value (Y) axis is displayed.


Specifies whether the title for the 3-D chart series (Z) axis is displayed.


Displays or hides the chart legend. The chart legend contains a key to the chart elements.


Legend command (DataAnalyzer)
Legend command

The Legend command in Data Analyzer displays or hides the chart legend. The chart legend contains a key to the chart’s elements.

Tip

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.


Displaying the chart legend

Hiding the chart legend

Insert menu


Displays or hides major and minor chart gridlines.


Gridlines command

The Gridlines command displays or hides major and minor gridlines for the category (X), value (Y), second value (Y), and series (Z) axis.


To hide or display gridlines

Insert menu


To hide or display gridlines

1	Ensure that a chart is displayed.

2	On the Insert menu, click Gridlines.

3	To display a chart grid line, ensure that the associated Axis Gridline check box is checked.  To hide a grid line, clear the associated Axis Gridline check box.

4	Click OK.


To hide or display chart axis gridlines

Insert Gridlines command

Insert menu


Gridlines dialog box

Use this dialog box to display or hide the X, Y, or Z axis gridlines in the active chart.

Tip

For Help on a setting, click [image] at the top of the dialog box, and then click the setting.You can also right-click the setting, and then click What's This?


To hide or display gridlines

Insert menu


Specifies whether the major category (X-axis) chart gridlines are displayed.


Specifies whether the minor category (X-axis) chart gridlines are displayed.


Specifies whether the major value (Y-axis) chart gridlines are displayed.


Specifies whether the minor value (Y-axis) chart gridlines are displayed.


Specifies whether the major second value (Y-axis) chart gridlines are displayed.


Specifies whether the minor second value (Y-axis) chart gridlines are displayed.


Specifies whether the major series (Z-axis) 3-D chart gridlines are displayed.


Specifies whether the minor series (Z-axis) 3-D chart gridlines are displayed.


Displays or hides Sigma control lines in the active X Avg, R control chart or Moving Range chart.


Control Lines command

The Control Lines command displays or hides control lines in the active X Avg, R control chart or Moving Range chart.


To display or hide control lines

Insert menu


To display or hide Sigma control lines

1	Ensure that a X Avg, R control chart or Moving Range chart is displayed.

2	On the Insert menu, click Control Lines.

3	To display a control line, ensure that the associated Attach Control Lines check box is checked.  To hide a control line, clear the associated check box.

4	Click OK.


To set up control line appearance

To set up control line point markers

To set up control line point labels

To format control line text

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu

Insert Control Lines command

Insert menu


Control Lines dialog box

Use this dialog box to display or hide control lines in the active X Avg, R control chart or Moving Range chart.

Tip

For Help on a setting, click [image] at the top of the dialog box, and then click the setting.You can also right-click the setting, and then click What's This?


To display or hide control lines

Insert menu


Specifies whether +1s control lines are displayed in the chart.


Specifies whether +2s control lines are displayed in the chart.


To create a histogram

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click Histogram, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that DataAnalyzer is active, that you have a chart displayed, and that you want to create a new chart.

Histogram charts can have only two columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

Histograms

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To make a chart 3-D

1	On the Format menu, click Chart.

2	Click the Appearance tab.

3	Click 3D View.

Note

You must create a chart before you can make it 3-D.


To set up 3-D bases and walls

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D charts

3-D View command


To view chart calculations

On the View menu, click Calculation.


To create a Pareto chart

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click Pareto, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

Pareto charts can have only two columns.

Tip

If you have several categories with small numbers of defects, consider grouping them in a category called Other.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

Pareto Charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


Creates a new FlowCharter 7 chart. A blank chart window opens in front of the currently open charts.


Opens an existing FlowCharter 7 chart.


Closes the active chart.


Recent file list

Use the recent file list in the File menu to quickly open charts you recently changeed. The names of the last four charts you opened or saved appear in the submenu. The complete path name appears for charts outside the current directory.

A number appears beside each chart name. You can type the number to open the chart or click the chart name in the submenu.


Stores a chart or template in a file on disk. All charts (including linked charts) are saved in separate files. You can also use the shortcut key:  Ctrl+S


Lets you rename a chart, so that you have the original chart and a new version. This option is useful for making a copy of a file without using the Windows Copy command.


Saves your workspace in a file. The file contains the names and screen setup of the charts in the FlowCharter 7 window.


Lets you set the size of the page, the size of the page margins (borders), and the orientation of the page (portrait or landscape).


Prints your charts and adds them to presentations and reports. FlowCharter 7 lets you print all the pages, a range of pages, or only selected objects in the chart. You can also use the shortcut key: Ctrl+P


Lets you choose the current printer and printer options.


Closes DataAnalyzer and FlowCharter 7. Use this command when you finish working with the program, or when you want to free memory to work in another program.


Creates an e-mail message with the current chart as an attachment.

Tip

This feature works with any MAPI E-mail system. MAPI e-mail systems include Microsoft Mail, Microsoft Exchange, and Lotus cc:Mail.


Use the Print Preview command to see what it will look like when you print it.


Displays an index that lets you find specific information to help you use the program.


Displays information about the program and its compatibility with Microsoft Office.


Displays the program’s version number, copyright date, and license information.


Applies the changes to your chart or worksheet. Use the Apply button when you want to view the results of your changes and leave the dialog box open so you can make more changes.


Displays information about the dialog box.


Displays an index that lets you find specific information to help you use the program.


Displays the program version number, copyright date, and license information.


To create a pie chart

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click Pareto, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

Pie charts can have only two columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

Pie Charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create an SPC chart

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click the type of chart you want to create, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

Moving Range, Histogram, Pareto, C, and Pie charts can have only two columns.

Run charts must have at least two columns and can have a maximum of  128 columns.

X Avg, R charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 26 columns.

P, NP, and U charts can only have three columns.

Scatter charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 128 columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create a scatter chart

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click Scatter chart, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

Scatter charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 128 columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

Scatter Charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create control charts
To create a control chart

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click the type of control chart you want, and click Finish. (Use the More button to display information about each chart type.)

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

C charts can have only two columns.

P, NP, and U charts can only have three columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

Control Charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create run charts
To create a run chart

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click Run chart, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

Run charts must have at least two columns and can have a maximum of 128 columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

Run charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create an XAvg, R control chart

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click XAvg, R control chart, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

X Avg, R control charts must have at least three columns and can have no more than 26 columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

XAvg, R control charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create Moving Range charts

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click Moving Range chart, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

Moving Range charts can have only two columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

Moving Range Charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create P control charts

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click P control chart, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

P control charts can only have three columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

P control charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create NP control charts

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click NP control chart, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

NP control charts can only have three columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

NP control charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create C control charts

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click C control chart, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

C control charts can have only two columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

C control charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To create U control charts

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click U control chart, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

U control charts can only have three columns.


To import data into your SPC chart

To format the chart

To make the chart 3-D

U control charts

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


To close DataAnalyzer

On the File menu, click Close.

or

Click outside the SPC to return to FlowCharter with the SPC chart embedded.


Quality

What is Quality?

In general, quality is a degree of excellence and superiority.  To achieve and maintain quality, there must be continual improvement of processes.  This continual improvement is achieved through the management of quality processes, or Total Quality Management (TQM).  The operating philosophy of quality encompasses the concept of continuous process improvement as a means to achieve the desired level of performance as required by the customers.  The management philosophy of quality refers to the practices of process documentation, problem solving and various management and breakthrough planning that result in achieving consistently excellent levels of performance in work processes.

In the business environment, quality occurs when a product or service meets or exceeds the expectations of the customer.  The challenge of quality is to supply what your customers want or need, or you think they will purchase, that not only meets or exceeds their expectations, but can be produced or provided at a cost acceptable to the buyer and seller.  Quality can be:

The speed at which a service is delivered

Consistency

Innovation

Low maintenance

Favorable repair history


Deming Quality Philosophy

Why Quality Management?

Is Quality for You?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Quality Management Structure

Strategic Planning

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

Implementing TQM

TQM Measurement


Deming Quality Philosophy

Quality management presented here is based on the proven philosophy, theory, and methodology of Dr. W. Edwards Deming. The Deming quality philosophy has a clear record of success over since the 1950s.

The practice of Dr. Deming’s theories and philosophy have dramatically improved the quality and performance of companies worldwide. People in business all over the world use his theories and techniques and proof of the success that is possible through the effective use of his system and philosophy. The bulk of the Deming philosophy is contained in his:

Fourteen Points

Deadly Diseases

Obstacles

Four Theories of Profound Knowledge


Quality

Deming’s Fourteen points

Deming’s Deadly diseases

Deming’s Obstacles

Deming’s Four Theories of Profound Knowledge


Why Quality Management?

There are more than 20 million small businesses in the United States.  Small businesses are a major force behind the United States economy, employing more than half of its private sector workforce.  Between 1980 and 1986, 64 percent of the 10.5 million jobs created in the United States were produced by small businesses.  However, the Small Business Administration (SBA) estimates that 75 percent of all new businesses in the United States fail within the first few years of existence.  Some of the reasons that small businesses should pursue the establishment of quality in the workplace are:

		Cost incurred by reworking or replacing the products of unpredictable, unreliable processes
		Lost business caused by the production of poor products or services
		Cost of hiring new employees caused by consistent turnover
The need for transformation by small businesses to a quality culture is essential for success.  The approach for transformation must be sound, comprehensive, and well planned.

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Deming Quality Philosophy

Is Quality for You?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Quality Management Structure

Strategic Planning

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

Implementing TQM

TQM Measurement


Is Quality Management for You?

Answer the following questions to decide if quality management could help your organization:

		Can you envision a new future for your organization?
		Do you want to clarify your organization’s mission?
		Can your mission be separated from the mission of a higher-level organization?
		Do you have control over your budget?
		Do you have control over selecting/assigning and rewarding your people?
		Can you change your organizational structure?
		Do people in your organization know who their important customers are?
		Do you believe you can acquire new customers?
		Can you change your outputs/processes or develop new ones based on customer requirements?
		Can you change your suppliers or what they provide you?
		Are you responsible for a complete process/system?
		Do you already have “mature” TQM process improvement initiatives in place?
		Do you have a leadership team that understands the need for a quality focus?
		Are you willing to devote your personal time to the planning process?

If you answered yes to the majority of these questions, you are probably a candidate for quality management.


Deming Quality Philosophy

Why Quality Management?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Quality Management Structure

Strategic Planning

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

Implementing TQM

TQM Measurement


What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

The major actions you will need to take to establish Total Quality Management in your workplace:

		Spell out a management structure to support mission-essential processes and systems
		Develop strategic planning
		Incorporate comprehensive Total Quality Management (TQM) into the workplace
		Develop an environment that promotes process improvement and encourages innovation
		Rewrite directives, instructions, and policies to support TQM principles and methods
		Develop a number of assessment instruments to measure the success of TQM

Successful strategic planning process will provide your organization with

		A clear focus on the future
		Alignment, first for your leader, but ultimately for everyone in the organization, so that all understand the aims and purpose of the organization
		Leverage for breaking down barriers
		Enhanced communications
		Creation of a climate for innovation


Deming Quality Philosophy

Why Quality Management?

Is Quality for You?

Quality Management Structure

Strategic Planning

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

Implementing TQM

TQM Measurement


Quality Management Structure

The initial quality improvement efforts are managed through teams that are organized around critical products and services.  These teams are created at each level of responsibility for the product or service, from the executives to the workers.  There are three types of teams:

	1	Executive Steering Committee - consists of the top leaders of the organization and is responsible for quality and its deployment
	2	Quality Management Boards - consists of cross-functional teams that include managers who are jointly responsible for a mission-critical product or service. QMBs are meant to take advantage of both centralized and decentralized efforts. They include members who serve as vertical links within an organization’s chain of command.
	3	Process Activity Teams - made up of workers in the system who have been chartered by QMBs to conduct specific improvement tasks, such as data collection and removal of special causes from the system.


Deming Quality Philosophy

Why Quality Management?

Is Quality for You?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Strategic Planning

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

Implementing TQM

TQM Measurement


Strategic Planning

Transition to a quality culture begins with a plan, specifically a strategic plan.  Strategic planning offers a way to tie day-to-day decisions to strategic goals through various supporting plans that involve people at all levels within the organization.  The elements of a strategic plan are:

Vision statement

Mission statement

Guiding principles

Strategic goals

Strategies for reaching the goals

Supporting plans

The benefits of a strategic plan are:

		Identifies and pulls together the critical mass.  Members of the critical mass come together in a unified effort as they focus on the organization’s ultimate purpose, its core values, and its major systems.
		Optimizes organizational performance. Organizational performance improves when all parts of the system functions or departments are working together harmoniously. When members from different departments get together to work on a process that crosses functional lines, there is the likelihood for system optimization.
		Provides leaders with a focus and framework for improvement efforts
		Provides guidance on day-to-day decisions. Strategic planning is expected to influence all levels and activities of an organization, which is why clear communication on strategic goals is so important.
		Provides a means to assess organizational progress toward its desired future. This can help leaders to identify gaps between reality and their vision of the future, and to assess progress as they pursue strategic goals.


Deming Quality Philosophy

Why Quality Management?

Is Quality for You?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Quality Management Structure

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

Implementing TQM

TQM Measurement


Total Quality Management

Total Quality Management (TQM) is the application of quantitative methods and knowledge of people to assess and improve:

		Materials and services supplied to the organization
		All significant processes within the organization
		Meeting the needs of the end user, now and in the future

TQM is pursued through adoption of a philosophy based largely on the teachings of Dr. W. Edwards Deming. This philosophy brings together a set of sound principles and practices to be used in the continual improvement of quality including:

		Understanding the chain reaction of quality improvement
		Planning for organizational transformation
		Recognizing the essential role of leaders in the pursuit of quality
		Avoiding harmful business practices
		Perceiving and managing the interactions of organizational components (system orientation)
		Understanding variations in data to make decisions (theory of variation)
		Developing and testing hypotheses for the purpose of improving performance (theory of knowledge)


Deming Quality Philosophy

Why Quality Management?

Is Quality for You?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Quality Management Structure

Strategic Planning

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

Implementing TQM

TQM Measurement


Quality Environment

A successful quality culture balances a reliance on science and philosophy with an understanding of and appreciation for the special knowledge, skills, and attitude that workers contribute. Together this balance works to improve and innovate all work processes.  A quality culture is perceived in place when the following elements of teamwork exist in the workplace:

Cooperation, as opposed to competition

Employee empowerment

Team member equality

Freedom from fear

Joy in the workplace

Appreciating team members

Common objectives

Knowledge

The cumulative effect of good teamwork is the presence of a group mind in the workplace.  This concept is an ideal that envisions a synergy of the best in knowledge, abilities, and attitudes of all team members into one powerful, collective mind.  The key factors to achieve the group mind are that:

		All team members must be stakeholders in the mission of the group
		All members must feel free to make suggestions
		All must trust the others, especially when sensitive issues surface
		All members must want the team to reach consensus
		All must subscribe to win-win solutions to problems


Deming Quality Philosophy

Why Quality Management?

Is Quality for You?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Quality Management Structure

Strategic Planning

Total Quality Management (TQM)

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

Implementing TQM

TQM Measurement


TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

TQM directives, instructions, and policies are based on the application of a scientific approach to improving quality. They include the following characteristics:

		Pursuing quality through process analysis and improvement
		Using a Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle to guide improvement efforts, encourage continual improvement, and enhance organizational learning
		Using empirical data to develop knowledge, support decision making, and determine the effectiveness of changes
		Seeking to predict and improve future performance, rather than correct and detect past errors
		Concentrating on increasing the value of the product or service from the customer’s perspective
		Using a cyclical approach to improvement

The components of a TQM plan are:

		Vision statement- provides insight into the kind of organization we want to be
		Mission statement - reminds us of what we do and who we do it for
		Guiding principles - reflect the values and form the basis for behavior and decisions
		Strategic goals with strategies for reaching the goals
		Supporting plans


Deming Quality Philosophy

Why Quality Management?

Is Quality for You?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Quality Management Structure

Strategic Planning

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

Implementing TQM

TQM Measurement


Implementing TQM

Implementation of TQM consists of two major components:

	1	This component concentrates on planning and conducting initial quality improvement efforts and establishing the resources needed for the ongoing practice of TQM.  One major resource during this phase is education and training.
	2	This component involves advancing and sustaining the continual improvement of quality by modifying, as required, the technical systems, cultural systems, and power structure of the organization.

TQM is systematic because process improvement requires qualitative and quantitative analyses with the goal of process and system optimization.  TQM improves productivity because the TQM approach to process improvement reveals:

	1	Complexities and redundancies in processes that cannot stand up under a value-added scrutiny
	2	Process changes that can have permanent impact because they will preclude future problems, thus, avoiding cost
There is a two-phase approach to implementing TQM:

Phase 1	Establish critical mass - those people with the requisite knowledge and power to lead a cultural change. Managers must acquire the knowledge they need to lead the transformation. Change requires planning, so top managers should first develop a statement of philosophy. Then they need to develop a business plan that incorporates the quality philosophy with the business mission and objectives. The plan should include a vision statement (an idealized view of where an organization would like to be in the future), a mission statement, guiding principles, strategic goals, and strategies. The plan should emphasize customer requirements, continuous improvement, a structured approach to process improvement, data-based decision making, and evaluation in terms of meeting customer needs. The next step is to translate the business plan into a transitional organization structure.  Two kinds of teams are formed at the top and bottom of the Quality Management Board (QMB) structure: Executive Steering Committee or Group (ESC or ESG) that consists of the top leaders of the organization and is responsible for quality and its deployment, and Process Action Teams (PATs) that consist of workers in the system who have been chartered by QMBs to conduct specific improvement tasks, such as data collection and removal of special causes from the system.
Phase 2	Address organizational transformation—long-term issues. It is important to focus now on the extended TQM process, to develop proactive customer feedback systems that anticipate future customer requirements, and to work more closely with suppliers so that they become part of the organization’s system.  Phase II activities result in innovation and the design of new systems aimed at the strategic business processes of the future (for example, new weapons systems), as well as new organizational systems that remove barriers to employee creativity and involvement.


Deming Quality Philosophy

Why Quality Management?

Is Quality for You?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Quality Management Structure

Strategic Planning

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

TQM Measurement


TQM Measurement

A system of measurements is one of the major elements in determining the progress and success of the transition to a quality culture.  Measurements are necessary to:

Locate your opportunities for improvement

Prioritize opportunities for improvement

Help show you where to improve

Evaluate the progress you have made

Determine where you want to go

Assure you that you have or have not gotten there.

Identifying key quality characteristics is the best starting point for determining what you want to measure.  They are those elements most vital to the function of a service or product and most important to customers of the service or product.  Once it is known which key quality characteristics are to be measured, it is necessary to provide clear operational definitions of them. An operational definition is an agreement by a supplier and a customer that a certain procedure carried out by a supplier will be useful to them both. The usefulness of the operational definition is determined by the location, spread, and shape of the outcomes relative to the aim.  A good operational definition not only describes the appearance of the key quality characteristics, but also the intent behind it.  The operational definition is the means by which a concept is converted to a measurable item.

There are three essential components used in developing operational definitions:

	1	The method of measurement, or test, for each key quality characteristic
	2	The criteria for judgment or analysis of data
	3	The decision as to whether the results indicate the degree that the criteria were or were not met

There are several statistical tools that can be used to measure whether you have achieved, maintained, and improved quality:

Flowcharts

Process charts

Cause-and-effect charts

Histograms

Run charts

Control charts

Moving Range control charts

X Avg, R Avg control charts

P control charts

NP control charts

U control charts

C control charts

Scatter charts


Quality

Deming Quality Philosophy

Histograms

Run charts

Control charts

Moving Range control charts

X Avg , R Avg control charts

P control charts

NP control charts

U control charts

C control charts

Scatter charts


Deming Philosophy - The Fourteen Points

1	Create constancy of purpose toward improvement of product and service, with the aim to become competitive and to stay in business and to provide jobs
2	Adopt the new philosophy
3	Cease dependence on inspection to improve quality by building quality into the product in the first place
4	End the practice of awarding business on the basis of a price tag alone
5	Improve constantly and forever the system of product and service, to improve quality and productivity, and thus constantly decrease costs
6	Institute training on the job
7	Institute leadership - the aim of leadership should be to help people and machines and gadgets to do a better job
8	Drive out fear so that everyone may work effectively for the organization
9	Break down barriers between departments
10	Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the work force asking for zero defects and new levels of productivity
11	Eliminate numerical goals for the work force and numerical goals for management, and eliminate management by objective
12	Remove barriers that rob the hourly worker of the right to pride of workmanship (the responsibility of supervisors must be changed from sheer numbers to quality) Remove barriers that rob people in management and in engineering of their right to pride of workmanship
13	Institute a vigorous program of education and self-improvement for everyone
14	Put everybody in the company to work to accomplish the transformation


Quality

Deming’s Deadly diseases

Deming’s Obstacles

Deming’s Four Theories of Profound Knowledge


Deming's Deadly Diseases

	Lack of constancy of purpose to plan product and service that will have a market and keep the company in business and provide jobs
	Emphasis on short-term profits: short-term thinking fed by fear of friendly takeover and by push by bankers and owners for dividends
	Evaluation of performance, merit rating, or annual review
	Mobility of management (job hopping)
	Management by use only of visible figures
	Excessive medical costs
	Excessive costs of liability


Quality

Deming’s Fourteen points

Deming’s Obstacles

Deming’s Four Theories of Profound Knowledge


Deming's Obstacles

	Hope for instant pudding
	The supposition that solving problems, automation, gadgets, and new machinery will transform industry
	Search for examples; only theory can be transferred between companies
	Our problems are different,  Problems are different, but the principles for improvement are universal.
	Obsolescence in schools.  Business schools teach how to make a short-term profit, rather than how to produce quality.
	Poor teaching of statistical methods in industry. Don’t use poorly trained people.
	Use of Military Standard 105D and other tables for acceptance. Using such standards to accept or reject products or services guarantees defects. Continual process improvement helps to ensure quality.
	Our quality control department takes care of all our problems of quality.  Quality is the responsibility of the process operators and especially of management and the board of directors.
	Our trouble lies entirely with the work force. The workers are handicapped by the system, and the system is the responsibility of management.
	False starts. Use of pieces can provide deceiving results.
	We installed quality control. It cannot be installed; it is a learning process.
	The unmanned computer. A computer collects and summarizes data, but it cannot discern what kind of variation exists in a process.
	The supposition that it is only necessary to meet specifications - specifications do not determine quality
	The fallacy of zero defects. To seek results within specification limits; expecting zero defects is an illusion.
	Inadequate testing of prototypes
	Anyone who comes to try to help us must understand all about our business. Those who come to help you must understand how to improve systems. Together, with those who understand the systems, they can enable continual process improvement of the systems.


Quality

Deming’s Fourteen points

Deming’s Deadly diseases

Deming’s Four Theories of Profound Knowledge


Deming's Four Theories of Profound Knowledge

1	Systems - Management must understand the organization as a whole system, a complete picture, and they must emphasize the optimization of that system.  It is essential that the aim of the system is communicated to and understood by all members of the organization.  The best chances of achieving that aim come when all the parts of the system are working collectively toward that aim.
2	Variation - Involves understanding variation and knowing how to deal with it.  Variation causes economic loss.  The normal variation in all processes is called common cause variation. The special cause variation also can adversely affect a process.  It is often possible to detect the presence of special cause variation by observing data patterns.  Special cause variation can occur when a cause outside the process affects the process.  It can occur within the process and is usually specific to a person or group.  Special cause and common cause are often confused.
3	Knowledge - Requires understanding the prediction involved in management. Everything you do as a manager involves predictions of some type. To predict, you must test a theory over time. Your observations of this theory provide you with information of what works and what does not. These observations lead to your modifying and adopting theories.
3	Psychology - Requires understanding the variation in everyone (leaders, employees, suppliers, and customers).  You must learn the skills, knowledge, and attitudes of others in order to be able to optimize the system.


Quality

Deming’s Fourteen points

Deming’s Deadly diseases

Deming’s Obstacles


Use of Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts) for Quality Programs

FlowCharter 7 lets you create many different kinds of charts in support of quality and process reengineering. Quality programs rely on effective communications. For quality programs, charts are the most common means of relaying data so that they can be readily understood. FlowCharter 7 automatically draws the basic charts often referred to in quality and reengineering manuals.  With these charts, you can organize and show data so that you can analyze a process. Your analysis can not only describe and detect problems with the current process, but you can predict the progress of a process.

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts) are created using DataAnalyzer.  SPC charts are invaluable statistical tools used for setting up and measuring quality control in manufacturing, process reengineering, process management, and quality assurance.


Quality

Why Quality Management?

Is Quality for You?

What Do I Need for Total Quality Management?

Quality Management Structure

Strategic Planning

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Quality Environment

TQM Directives, Instructions, and Policies

TQM Measurement

Statistical Process Control Charts (SPC Charts)


Formatting toolbar (DataAnalyzer)
Formatting toolbar

	Font list box	Changes the font of the selected text.
	Font Size list box	Changes the font size of the selected text.
	Bold button	Applies or removes bold format to selected text.
	Italic button	Applies or removes italic format to selected text.
	Underline button	Applies or removes underline format to selected text.
	Align Left button	Aligns worksheet text at the left indent.
	Center button	Centers worksheet text between indents.
	Align Right button	Aligns worksheet text at the right indent.
	Text Color button	Changes the color of the selected text.
	Fill Color button	Changes the color of the selected worksheet cell or chart area.
	Line Color button	Changes the color of the selected worksheet or chart line(s).


Applies or removes bold format to selected text.


Applies or removes italic format to selected text.


Applies or removes underline format to selected text.


Aligns worksheet text at the left indent.


Centers worksheet text between indents.


Aligns worksheet text at the right indent.


Text Color button (DataAnalyzer)
Text Color button

The Text Color button changes the color of the selected text.


To format text color

Formatting toolbar


Changes the color of the selected text.


To color text

1	Select the text you want to color.

2	Click the Text Color button in the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button

3	Click a color in the color palette.


To format line and border colors

To format cell and chart colors

Text Color button

Formatting toolbar


Changes the color of the selected worksheet cell or chart area.


Fill Color button (DataAnalyzer)
Fill Color button

The Fill Color button changes the color of the selected worksheet cell or chart area.


To format worksheet cell and chart colors

Formatting toolbar


To color worksheet cells

1	Click the worksheet cell you want to color.

2	Click the Fill Color button in the Formatting toolbar.

Fill Color button

3	Click a color in the color palette.


To color chart areas

1	Click the chart area you want to color.

2	Click the Fill Color button in the Formatting toolbar.

Fill Color button

3	Click a color in the color palette.


To format line and border colors

To format text color

Fill Color button

Formatting toolbar


Changes the color of the selected worksheet or chart line(s).


Line Color button (DataAnalyzer)
Line Color button

The Line Color button changes the color of the selected worksheet or chart line(s).


To format line and border colors

Formatting toolbar


To color worksheet lines

1	Click the worksheet line you want to color.

2	Click the Line Color button in the Formatting toolbar.

Line Color button

3	Click a color in the color palette.


To color chart lines

1	Click the chart line you want to color.

2	Click the Line Color button in the Formatting toolbar.

Line Color button

3	Click a color in the color palette.


To format cell and chart colors

To format text color

Line Color button

Formatting toolbar


Standard toolbar (DataAnalyzer)
Standard toolbar

	Cut button	Removes the selected values from the worksheet and places them on the Clipboard.
	Copy button	Copies the selected values to the Clipboard.
	Paste button	Pastes the values on the Clipboard into the worksheet.
	Undo button	Reverses the last command you executed.
	Data Import Wizard button	Imports worksheet data from a file, from the clipboard, or from FlowCharter 7 data fields.
	Format Cells button	Formats the number, alignment, border, pattern, and font of the selected worksheet cell(s).
	2-D to 3-D button	Displays the active SPC chart in 2-D or 3-D.
	Horizontal Grid button	Displays or hides horizontal gridlines in the current SPC chart.
	Vertical Grid button	Displays or hides vertical gridlines in the current SPC chart.
	Legend button	Displays or hides the legend for the active SPC chart.
	Help button	Displays information about the item you click on next.

Cut button

Copy button

Paste button

Undo button

Data Import Wizard button

Format Cells button

2-D to 3-D button

Horizontal Grid button

Vertical Grid button

Legend button

Help button


Displays information about the item you click on next.


Data Import wizard button

The Data Import wizard button imports worksheet data from a file, from the clipboard, or from FlowCharter 7 data fields.


To import worksheet data into DataAnalyzer

Standard toolbar


Imports worksheet data from a file, from the clipboard, or from FlowCharter 7 data fields.


Format Cells button

The Format Cells button formats the number, alignment, border, pattern, and font of the active worksheet cell(s).


To format cell numbers

To format cell text alignment

To format cell borders

To format cell shading

To format cell text

To use formulas with cells

Format menu

Standard toolbar


Formats the number, alignment, border, pattern, and font of the active worksheet cell(s).


Displays the active SPC chart in 2-D or 3-D.


2-D to 3-D button

The 2-D to 3-D button displays the active SPC chart in 2-D or 3-D.


To format the chart appearance

To format the chart backdrop

To format 3-D chart views

To format 3-D chart lighting

To format 3-D chart base and walls

Format 3-D View command

Format Chart command

Format menu

Standard toolbar


Displays or hides horizontal gridlines in the active SPC chart.


Horizontal Grid button

The Horizontal Grid button displays or hides horizontal gridlines in the active SPC chart.


To display or hide chart gridlines

Insert menu

Standard toolbar


Displays or hides vertical gridlines in the active SPC chart.


Vertical Grid button

The Vertical Grid button displays or hides vertical gridlines in the active SPC chart.


To display or hide chart gridlines

Standard toolbar

Insert menu


Legend button

The Legend button displays or hides the legend for the active SPC chart.

Tip

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter 7 chart. A FlowCharter 7 chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter 7 chart’s legend, FlowCharter 7 must be active.  With FlowCharter 7 active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter 7 legends.


To format the SPC chart legend

Standard toolbar

Insert menu


Removes the selected values from the worksheet and places them on the Clipboard.


Copies the selected values to the Clipboard.


Pastes the values on the Clipboard into the worksheet.


Reverses the last command you executed.


Displays or hides the legend for the active SPC chart.


Tools menu (DataAnalyzer)
Tools menu

Click a command below to learn more about it.

Data Import wizard	Imports worksheet data from a file, from the clipboard, or from FlowCharter data fields.


To import worksheet data

Data Import wizard command


Imports worksheet data from a file, from the clipboard, or from FlowCharter 7 data fields. The file can be an Excel file, a DataAnalyzer V1.0 file, a FlowCharter file with data fields, a tab-delimited text file, or data on the Windows clipboard.


Data Import wizard command

The Data Import wizard command opens the Data Import wizard that lets you mport worksheet data from a file, from the clipboard, or from FlowCharter 7 data fields.


To import worksheet data

Tools menu


To import data into your chart

1	Click the Spreadsheet tab.

2	Click the Data Import wizard button.

Data Import wizard button

3	Click Next.

4	Click the source that you want to import the data from.  Click Next.

4	Browse or enter the name of the file that contains the data to import.  Click Next.

5	Select a range for the data.

6	Drag the data  to the current DataAnalyzer worksheet.

7	Click Finish.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer and that you are in an active chart.


Data Import wizard command

Tools menu


To drag the selected data, place the mouse pointer at the edge of the selected data. When the cursor turns to an arrow, you can drag the data to the worksheet.

Tip

Move the wizard window to the side of the worksheet before you drag the data.


SPC chart formulas

Various formulas are used to calculate control line values in all the DataAnalyzer control charts.  The formulas are the standard Shewhart formulas.


Moving Range chart formulas

X Avg, R control chart formulas

P chart formulas

NP chart Formulas

C chart formulas


Moving Range chart formulas

 = Average of all individual data values

 = Average of all moving range values

X Chart Values

Central Control Line (CL) =

Upper Control Line (UCL) =

Lower Control Line (LCL) =

 Control Line =

 Control Line =

Moving Range Chart Values

Central Control Line (CL) =

Upper Control Line (UCL) =

Lower Control Line =


X Avg, R control chart formulas

P chart formulas

NP chart formulas

C chart formulas

SPC chart formulas


X Avg, R control chart formulas

 = Average of all data values in a subgroup

= Range of a subgroup (Maximum value in subgroup - Minimum value in subgroup)

= Average of all X Values

 = Average of all R Values

X Avg Chart Values

Central Control Line (CL) =

Upper Control Line (UCL) =

Lower Control Line (LCL) =

 Control Line =

 Control Line =

R Chart Values

Central Control Line (CL) =

Upper Control Line (UCL) =

Lower Control Line =


Moving Range chart formulas

P chart formulas

NP chart formulas

C chart formulas

SPC chart formulas


P chart formulas

 = number inspected in a subgroup

 = number of rejects in a subgroup / number inspected in the subgroup

 = total number of rejects / total number inspected

Central Control Line (CL) =

Upper Control Line (UCL)	= [image] [image] [image] /

Lower Control Line (LCL) = [image] [image] [image] /


Moving Range chart formulas

X Avg, R control chart formulas

NP chart formulas

C chart formulas

SPC chart formulas


NP chart formulas

 = number inspected in a subgroup

 = number of rejects in a subgroup / number inspected in the subgroup

 = total number of rejects / total number inspected

Central Control Line (CL) =

Upper Control Line (UCL) =

Lower Control Line (LCL) =


Moving Range chart formulas

X Avg, R control chart formulas

P chart formulas

C chart formulas

SPC chart formulas


C chart formulas

 = total defects in all subgroups / number of subgroups

Central Control Line (CL) =

Upper Control Line (UCL) =

Lower Control Line (LCL) =


Moving Range chart formulas

X Avg, R control chart formulas

P chart formulas

NP chart formulas

SPC chart formulas


View menu (DataAnalyzer)
View menu

Click a command below to learn more about it.

Spreadsheet	Displays the spreadsheet for the active chart.
Chart	Displays the chart for the active spreadsheet.
Calculation	Displays or hides the calculation columns for the active spreadsheet, if available.
Toolbars	Displays or hides the toolbars.


Spreadsheet command

Chart command

Calculation command

Toolbars command


Displays the spreadsheet for the active chart.


Spreadsheet command

The Spreadsheet command displays the spreadsheet for the active chart.


Displays the chart for the active spreadsheet.


Chart command (DataAnalyzer View menu)
Chart command

The Chart commands displays the chart for the active spreadsheet.


Displays the calculation columns for the active spreadsheet type, if the spreadsheet uses separate columns for chart values.


Calculation command

The Calcualtion command displays the calculation columns for the active spreadsheet type, if the spreadsheet uses separate columns for chart values.


View menu


To view spreadsheet calculations

On the View menu, click Calculation.


Displays or hides the toolbars.


Toolbars command (DataAnalyzer)
Toolbars command

The Toolbars command displays or hides the toolbars.


To choose color buttons

To choose toolbar button sizes

To show and hide toolbars

To show and hide ToolTips

View menu


Toolbars dialog box (DataAnalyzer)
Toolbars dialog box

Use this dialog box to hide or display the toolbars.

Tips

You cannot change toolbar options when using the DataAnalyzer feature.

For Help on a setting, click [image] at the top of the dialog box, and then click the setting.You can also right-click the setting, and then click What's This?


To choose color buttons

To choose toolbar button sizes

To show and hide toolbars

To show and hide ToolTips

Toolbars command

View menu


Specifies whether the DataAnalyzer Standard toolbar and/or Formatting toolbar is displayed.


Specifies whether the toolbar buttons are colored.

Tip

You cannot change toolbar options when using the DataAnalyzer feature.


Specifies whether the DataAnalyzer toolbar buttons are large.

Tip

You cannot change toolbar options when using the DataAnalyzer feature.


Specifies whether ToolTips are displayed after you hold the cursor over a toolbar item for a moment.

Tip

You cannot change toolbar options when using the DataAnalyzer feature.


Format menu (DataAnalyzer)
Format menu

Click a command below to learn more about it.

Selected Title	Formats the title of the active chart or chart axis.
Selected Axis	Formats the active chart axis.
Selected Series	Formats the pattern, edges, and color of the active chart fill area, point labels, and point markers.
Selected Legend	Formats the active chart legend.
Selected Control Lines	Formats the control lines of the active chart.
Chart	Formats the appearance, base and walls, and backdrop of the active chart.
3-D View	Formats the view and lighting of a 3-D chart.
Row	Formats the height of the worksheet row(s).
Column	Formats the width of the worksheet column(s).
Cells	Formats the number, alignment, border, pattern, and font of the worksheet cell(s).


Selected Title command

Selected Axis command

Selected Series command

Selected Legend command

Selected Control Line command

Chart command

3-D View command

Row command

Column command

Cells command


Lets you format the selected chart title, axis, series, legend, or control line.


Selected Title command

The Selected Title command lets you format the title of the active chart or chart axis.


To format titles

To select title text sizes

To select title text fonts

To select title text styles

To color title text

Format menu


To format titles

1	Click the title.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Title.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

6	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

7	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

8	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the title to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To select title text sizes

To select title text fonts

To select title text styles

To color title text

Selected Title command

Format menu


To select title fonts

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Title.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also use the Format Cell button to access the Format Cell dialog box.

Format Cell button

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To fomat titles

To select title text sizes

To select title text styles

To color title text

Selected Title command

Format menu


To select title text size

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Title.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To fomat title text

To select title text fonts

To select title text styles

To color title text

Selected Title command

Format menu


To select title text styles

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Title.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To color title text

To fomat title text

To select title text fonts

To select title text sizes

Selected Title command

Format menu


To color title text

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Title.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

5	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button


To fomat title text

To select title text fonts

To select title text sizes

To color title text

Selected Title command

Format menu


Format menu


Format Chart Title (Title) dialog box
Format Title dialog box - Title tab

Use this dialog box to format the active title.  Type the title in the Text box.

Tip

Press CTRL + ENTER to move to the next line.


To set up titles

To set up titles or cell text


Provides a space for you to type a title for the active chart text.  (For multi-line titles, press Ctrl + Enter to move to the next line.)


Format Chart Title (Font) dialog box
Format Title dialog box - Font tab

Use this dialog box to format the active title text.


To set up titles or cell text

To set up titles


Lists the available text fonts.  Type or click the text font you want.


Lists the available font sizes.  Type or click the font size you want.


Specifies whether the text is bold.


Specifies whether the text is italicized.


Specifies whether the text is underlined.


Specifies whether the text is strike through text.


Lists the available text colors.  Click the text color you want.


Selected Axis command

The Selected Axis command lets you format the active chart axis.


To set up an axis

Format menu


To set up an axis

1	Cick the axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Format the appearance, scale, grid(s), and font, as you want.

4	Click OK.


To set up axis appearance

To select axis scales

To set up major grids

To set up minor grids

To format axis text

Selected Title command

Format menu


To format axis text

1	Click the title.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

6	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

7	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

8	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the title to bring up the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To select axis fonts

To select axis text sizes

To select axis text styles

To color axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select axis fonts

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To fomat axis text

To select axis text sizes

To select axis text styles

To color axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select axis text sizes

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To fomat axis text

To select axis text fonts

To select axis text styles

To color axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select axis text styles

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To fomat axis text

To select axis text sizes

To select axis text fonts

To color axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To color axis text

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

5	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button


To fomat axis text

To select axis text sizes

To select axis text styles

To select axis text fonts

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To set up axis appearance

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	To color the axis, click a color in the Color palette.

4	To change the axis line width, type a number for the width in the Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	Click a location for the axis tick marks in the Location list box. You can select:  None, Center, Inside, or Outside.

6	To change the width of a tick mark, type a number in the Size text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

7	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the axis by clicking the Line/Border Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Line/Border Color button


To color the axis

To select axis line widths

To move axis tick marks

To select axis tick mark widths

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To color the axis

1	Cick the axis you want to color.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Cick a color in the Color palette.

4	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the axis by clicking the Line/Border Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Line/Border Color button


To select axis line widths

To move axis tick marks

To select axis tick mark widths

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select axis line widths

1	Click the axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Type a number in the Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color the axis

To move axis tick marks

To select axis tick mark widths

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To move axis tick marks

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Appearance tab.

4	In the Location list box, click the place you want the tick marks:  None, Center, Inside, or Outside.

5	Click OK.

Tip

You can click the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color the axis

To select axis line widths

To select axis tick mark widths

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select axis tick mark widths

1	Click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	To change the axis tick mark width, type a number for the width in the Size text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color the axis

To move axis tick marks

To select axis line widths

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To set up axis scales

1	Click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Scale tab.

4	Clear the Auto Scale check box.

5	In the Maximum text box, type the maximum value that you want to be displayed on the active axis scale.

6	In the Minimum text box, type the minimum value that you want to be displayed on the active axis scale.

7	In the Major Divisions text box, type the number of major divisions that you want to be displayed on the active axis scale.

8	In the Minor Divisions text box, type the number of minor divisions that you want to be displayed between each major division on the active axis scale.

9	Click OK.

Note

When the Auto Scale check box is cleared, DataAnalyzer does not automatically calculate the axis.


To select minimum axis scale values

To select maximum axis scale values

To select number of major axis scale divisions

To select number of minor axis scale divisions

To select axis appearance

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select maximum axis scale values

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Scale tab.

4	Clear the Auto Scale check box.

5	In the Maximum text box, type the maximum value that you want to be displayed on the active axis scale.

6	Click OK.

Tips

When the Auto Scale check box is cleared, DataAnalyzer does not automatically calculate the axis.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select minimum axis scale values

To select number of major axis scale divisions

To select number of minor axis scale divisions

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select minimum axis scale values

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Scale tab.

4	Clear the Auto Scale check box.

5	In the Minimum text box, type the minimum value that you want to be displayed on the active axis scale.

6	Click OK.

Note

When the Auto Scale check box is cleared, DataAnalyzer does not automatically calculate the axis.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select maximum axis scale values

To select number of major axis scale divisions

To select number of minor axis scale divisions

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select number of major axis scale divisions

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Scale tab.

4	Clear the Auto Scale check box.

5	In the Major Divisions text box, type the number of major divisions that you want to be displayed on the active axis scale.

6	Click OK.

Note

When the Auto Scale check box is cleared, DataAnalyzer does not automatically calculate the axis.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select maximum axis scale values

To select minimum axis scale values

To select number of minor axis scale divisions in an axis scale

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select number of minor axis scale divisions

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Scale tab.

4	Clear the Auto Scale check box.

5	In the Minor Divisions text box, type the number of minor divisions that you want to be displayed between each major division on the active axis scale.

6	Click OK.

Note

When the Auto Scale check box is cleared, DataAnalyzer will not automatically calculate the axis.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select maximum axis scale values

To select minimum axis scale values

To select number of major axis scale divisions

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To set up major grids

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Major Grid tab.

4	Select the Visible check box.

5	In the Pen Color list box, click the color you want from the color palette.

6	In the Pen Style list box, click the pen style you want for the major gridlines:  Solid, Dashed, or Dotted.

7	In the Pen Width text box, type (or select) the relative pen width for the major gridlines:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

8	Click OK.

Tips

To hide the major gridlines, clear the Visible check box or press the DEL key.

You can also color the grid by clicking the Line/Border Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Line/Border Color button


To select axis scales

To set up minor grids

To hide or display axis gridlines

To color axis gridlines

To select axis gridline styles

To select axis gridline widths

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To hide or display gridlines
To hide or display axis gridlines

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis that contains the gridlines you want to hide or display.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Major Grid or Minor Grid tab.

4	If you want to hide the gridlines, clear the Visible check box.  To display the gridlines, make sure the Visible check box is selected.

5	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also hide gridlines by clicking the gridlines and pressing the DEL key.

You can also display or hide gridlines by clicking the Vertical Grid or Horizontal Grid button on the Standard toolbar.

	Vertical Grid button	Horizontal Grid button


To select axis scales

To set up minor grids

To color axis gridlines

To select axis gridline styles

To select axis gridline widths

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To color gridlines
To color axis gridlines

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Major Grid or Minor Grid tab.

4	In the Pen Color list box, click the gridline color you want from the color palette.

5	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also format the gridline color by clicking the Line/Border Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Line/Border Color button


To select axis scales

To set up minor grids

To hide or display axis gridlines

To select axis gridline styles

To select axis gridline widths

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select axis gridline styles

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Major Grid or Minor Grid tab.

4	In the Pen Style list box, click the pen style you want for the gridlines:  Solid, Dashed, or Dotted.

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select axis scales

To set up minor grids

To hide or display axis gridlines

To color axis gridlines

To select axis gridline widths

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To select axis gridline widths

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Major Grid or Minor Grid tab.

4	In the Pen Width text box, type (or click) the relative pen width for the gridlines:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select axis scales

To set up minor grids

To hide or display axis gridlines

To color axis gridlines

To select axis gridline styles

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


To set up minor grids

1	From the active chart, click the chart axis you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Axis.

3	Click the Minor Grid tab.

4	Select the Visible check box.  (If you want to hide the minor gridlines, clear the Visible check box)

5	In the Pen Color list box, click the minor gridline color you want from the color palette.

6	In the Pen Style list box, click the pen style you want for the minor gridlines:  Solid, Dashed, or Dotted.

7	In the Pen Width text box, type (or click) the relative pen width for the minor gridlines:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

8	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also format the gridline color by clicking the Line/Border Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Line/Border Color button


To select axis scales

To hide or display axis gridlines

To color axis gridlines

To select axis gridline styles

To select axis gridline widths

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


Format Axis (Appearance) dialog box
Format Axis dialog box - Appearance Tab

Use this dialog box to change the appearance of the active chart axis.


To select axis appearance

To select axis scales

To set up major grids

To set up minor grids

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


Lists the available pen colors.  Click the pen color you want.


Lists the available pen colors.  Click the pen color you want.


Specifies the pen width and provides a space for you to type the pen width:  1 - 16.


Specifies the pen width and provides a space for you to type the pen width:  1 - 16.


Lists the available tick mark locations.  Click the tick mark location you want:  Center, None, Inside, or Outside.


Specifies the tick mark size and provides a space for you to type the size:  1 - 16.


Format Axis (Scale) dialog box
Format Axis dialog box - Scale Tab

Use this dialog box to change the scale of the active chart axis.


To select axis scales

To select axis appearance

To set up major grids

To set up minor grids

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


Specifies whether the axis scale is based on the data being charted.  Uncheck this box to manually scale the axis.


Specifies the maximum value that is displayed on the active value (Y) axis scale and provides a space for you to type the value.


Specifies the minimum value that is displayed on the active value (Y) axis scale and provides a space for you to type the value.


Specifies the number of labels displayed for each division on the active category (X) axis scale.  A value of 1 labels every division.  A value greater than 1 labels the first division and skips the labels for the extra divisions.


Specifies the number of tick marks displayed for each division on the active category (X) axis scale.  A value of 1 displays a tick mark at every division.  A value greater than 1 displays a tick mark at the first division and skips the tick marks for the extra divisions.


Specifies the number of major division lines that are displayed on the active value (Y) axis scale and provides a space for you to type the number.


Lists the available number of bars displayed in a Histogram chart.  (Automatic causes DataAnalyzer to determine the number of bars based on the chart data set.)


Specifies the number of minor division lines that are displayed within the major division lines on the active value (Y) axis scale and provides a space for you to type the number.


Format Axis (Major Grid) dialog dox
Format Axis dialog box - Major Grid Tab

Use this dialog box to format the major grid axis of the active chart.


To set up major grids

To set up minor grids

To select axis scales

To select axis appearance

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


Specifies whether the chart grid is visible.


Lists the available pen styles.  Click the pen style you want:  Solid, Dashed, or Dotted.


Format Axis (Minor Grid) dialog box
Format Axis dialog box - Minor Grid Tab

Use this dialog box to format the minor grid axis of the active chart.


To set up minor grids

To set up major grids

To select axis scales

To select axis appearance

To format axis text

Selected Axis command

Format menu


Format Axis (Font) dialog box
Format Axis dialog box - Font Tab

Use this dialog box to format the active chart axis text.


To format axis text

To set up minor grids

To set up major grids

To select axis scales

To select axis appearance

Selected Axis command

Format menu


Selected Series command

The Selected Series command lets you format the pattern, edges, and color of the active chart fill area, point labels, and point markers.


To set up series

Format menu


To set up series

1	From the active chart, click the series you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Format the appearance, point markers, point labels, and font, as you want.

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To set up series appearance

To set up series point markers

To set up series point labels

To format series text

Selected Series command

Format menu


To set up the series appearance

1	From the active chart, click the chart series you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	If the selected series is a fill area, you can fill the area with a different color by clicking a color in the Fill Color palette.  Go to step 7.

4	If the selected series is a line, you can assign a color to the line by clicking a color on the Color palette.

5	To change the line width, type a number for the width in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

6	To change the line style, click a style in the Style list box:  Solid or Dashed.

7	To display edges, ensure the Display Edges check box is selected.

8	To assign a color to the series edges, click a color on the Pen Color palette.

9	Click OK.

Tips

Step 3 or steps 4 through 6 may not be applicable, depending on whether the selected series is a line or fill area.

The Dotted line style is not available on line series.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the fill or line by clicking the Fill Color button or Line/Border color button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Fill Color button	LineColor button


To color series fills

To color series lines

To select series line widths

To select series line styles

To hide or display series edges

To color series edges

To set up series point markers

To set up series point labels

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series fill color

1	From the active chart, click the chart series area you want to color.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	To fill the selected area with a different color, click a color in the Fill Color palette.

4	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also format the chart fill color by clicking the Fill Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Fill Color button


To color series lines

To select series line widths

To select series line styles

To hide or display series edges

To color series edges

Selected Series command

Format menu


To color series lines

1	From the active chart, click the chart series line you want to color.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	To assign a different color to the series line, click a color in the Color palette.

4	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also format the chart series line color by clicking the Line/Border Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Line/Border Color button


To color series fills

To select series line widths

To select series line styles

To hide or display series edges

To color series edges

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series line widths

1	From the active chart, click the chart series line you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	To change the series line width, type a number for the width in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color series fills

To color series lines

To select series line styles

To hide or display series edges

To color series edges

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series line styles

1	From the active chart, click the chart series line you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	To change the series line style, click a style in the Style list box:  Solid or Dashed.

4	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

The Dotted line style is not available on line series.


To color series fills

To color series lines

To select series line widths

To hide or display series edges

To color series edges

Selected Series command

Format menu


To hide or display series edges

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the edges you want to hide or display.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	To hide edges, ensure that the Display Edges check box is cleared.  To display edges, ensure that the Display Edges check box is selected.

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color series fills

To color series lines

To select series line widths

To select series line styles

To color series edges

Selected Series command

Format menu


To color series edges

1	From the active chart, click the series that contains the edges you want to color.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	To assign a color to the edges, click a color in the Pen Color palette.

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color series fills

To color series lines

To select series line widths

To select series line styles

To hide or display series edges

Selected Series command

Format menu


To set up series point markers

1	From the active chart, click the chart series you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To display the point markers, ensure that the Show Markers check box is selected.  (To hide markers, clear the Show Markers check box.)

5	To change the marker style, click a style in the Style list box.

6	To change the marker size, type a number for the size in the Size text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

7	To change the marker pen width, type a number for the width in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

8	To assign a color to the point markers, click a color in the Color palette.

9	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display series point markers

To select series point marker styles

To select series point marker sizes

To select series point marker widths

To color series point markers

Selected Series command

Format menu


To hide or display series point markers

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the markers you want to hide or display.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To display the point markers, ensure that the Show Markers check box is selected.  (To hide markers, clear the Show Markers check box.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select series point marker styles

To select series point marker sizes

To select series point marker widths

To color series point markers

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series point marker styles

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the markers you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To change the marker style, click a style in the Style list box.

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display series point markers

To select series point marker sizes

To select series point marker widths

To color series point markers

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series point marker sizes

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the markers you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To change the marker size, type a number for the size in the Size text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display series point markers

To select series point marker styles

To select series point marker widths

To color series point markers

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series point marker widths

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the markers you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To change the marker width, type a number for the width in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display series point markers

To select series point marker styles

To select series point marker sizes

To color series point markers

Selected Series command

Format menu


To color series point markers

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the markers you want to color.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To assign a color to the markers, click a color in the Color palette.

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display series point markers

To select series point marker styles

To select series point marker sizes

To select series point marker widths

Selected Series command

Format menu


To set up series point labels

1	From the active chart, click the chart series you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To display the point labels, ensure that the Show Labels check box is selected.  (To hide labels, clear the Show Labels check box.)

5	To change the label location, click a location in the Location list box:  Above Point or Below Point.

6	To change the label line style, click a style in the line Style list box: None, Line, or Angled Line.

7	To change the label orientation, click the orientation you want: Horizontal, Vertical, Up, or Down.

8	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To move series point labels

To select series point label line styles

To orient series point labels

Selected Series command

Format menu


To hide or display series point labels

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the point labels you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To display the labels, ensure that the Show Labels check box is selected.  (To hide the labels, clear the Show Labels check box.)

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To move series point labels

To select series point label line styles

To orient series point labels

Selected Series command

Format menu


To move the series point labels

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the point labels you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To change the label location, click a location in the Location list box:  Above Point or Below Point.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display series point labels

To select series point label line styles

To orient series point labels

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series point label line style

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the point labels you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To change the label line style, click a style in the line Style list box:  None, Line, or Angled Line.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display series point labels

To move the series point labels

To orient series point labels

Selected Series command

Format menu


To orient series point labels

1	From the active chart, click the chart series that contains the point labels you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To change the label orientation, click the orientation you want:  Horizontal, Vertical, Up, or Down.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display series point labels

To move the series point labels

To select series point label line styles

Selected Series command

Format menu


To format series text

1	Select or click the series you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

6	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

7	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

8	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To select series fonts

To select series text sizes

To select series text styles

To color series text

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series fonts

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select series text sizes

To select series text styles

To color series text

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series text sizes

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Series.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select series text fonts

To select series text styles

To color series text

Selected Series command

Format menu


To select series text styles

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Title.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To select series text fonts

To select series text sizes

To color series text

Selected Series command

Format menu


To color series text

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Title.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the series to bring up the dialog box.

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button


To fomat series text

To select series text fonts

To select series text sizes

To select series text styles

Selected Series command

Format menu


Format Series (Appearance) dialog box
Format Series dialog box - Appearance Tab

Use this dialog box to format the appearance of the active chart fill area.


To set up series appearance

To set up series point markers

To set up series point labels

To set up series text

Selected Series command

Format menu


Lists the available colors for the selected item.  Click the color you want.


Specifies whether edges are displayed.


Lists the available colors for the edges.  Click the edge color you want.


Format Series (Point Markers) dialog box
Format Series dialog box - Point Markers Tab

Use this dialog box to format the point markers on the active chart fill area.


To set up series point markers

To select series point labels

To set up series text

Selected Series command

Format menu


Specifies whether point markers are displayed.


Lists the available point marker styles.  Click the style you want.


Specifies the number of points for the marker diameter and provides a space for you to type the size:  1 - 16.


Specifies the width of the lines that form the marker and provides a space for you to type the width:  1 - 16.


Lists the available colors for the point markers.  Click the color you want.


Format Series (Point Labels) dialog box
Format Series dialog box - Point Labels Tab

Use this dialog box to format the point labels.


To set up series point labels

To set up series point markers

To set up series text

Selected Series command

Format menu


Specifies whether point labels are displayed.


Lists the available locations for the point labels.  Click the location you want:  Above Point or Below Point.


Lists the available line styles for the point labels.  Click the style you want:  None, Line, or Angled Line.


Specifies that the point labels are oriented in the horizontal plane.


Specifies that the point labels are oriented in the vertical plane.


Specifies that the point labels are oriented in the up position; that is, the text is displayed in the vertical plane with the first character of the label closest to the bottom of the chart.


Specifies that the point labels are oriented in the down position; that is, the text is displayed in the vertical plane with the first character of the label closest to the top of the chart.


Format Series (Font) dialog box
Format Series dialog box - Font Tab

You can change the style of the point label text in this dialog box.

Tip

To change the text at the bottom of the bars on a Pareto chart, double-click on the text, and click on the Font tab. (This text is the axis text.)


To set up series text

To set up series point labels

To set up series point markers

Selected Series command

Format menu


Selected Legend command

The Selected Legend command lets you format the active chart legend.


To set up legends

To set up legend appearance

To select legend backdrops

To format legend text

Format menu


To set up legends

1	In the active chart, click the chart legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Format the appearance, backdrop, and font, as you want.

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To set up legend appearance

To select legend backdrops

To format legend text

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To format legend text

1	Click the title.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

6	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

7	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

8	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To select legend text fonts

To select legend text sizes

To select legend text styles

To color legend text

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To select legend fonts

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select legend text sizes

To select legend text styles

To color legend text

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To select legend text sizes

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select legend text fonts

To select legend text styles

To color legend text

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To select legend styles

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To select legend text fonts

To select legend text sizes

To color legend text

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To color legend text

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button


To select legend text fonts

To select legend text sizes

To select legend text styles

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To set up legend appearance

1	In the active chart, click the chart legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	To hide the legend, click the Show Legend check box.

4	To change the location of the legend on the chart, click the Location you want:  Left or Right.

5	Click OK.

Tips

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To set up legend backdrops

To format legend text

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To hide or display legends

1	In the active chart, click the legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	To display the legend, ensure that the Show Legend check box is selected.  (To hide the legend, clear the Show Legend check box.)

4	Click OK.

Tips

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To set up legend backdrops

To format legend text

To move legends

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To move legends

1	In the active chart, click the chart legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	To change the location of the legend on the chart, click the Location you want:  Left or Right.

4	Click OK.

Tips

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display legends

To set up legend backdrops

To format legend text

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To set up legend backdrops

1	In the active chart, click the legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	Select the legend background fill you want: None, Solid, or Gradient. Select None for a clear background.  Select Solid Fill to color the background. Select Gradient for a background that changes color gradually, from one end of the legend to the other.

5	To format the legend border, click a style in the Frame Style list box.

6	To color the legend border, click a color in the Pen Color list box.

7	To change the legend border width, type the width you want in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

8	To shadow the legend border, click the Shadow check box.

9	To offset the shadow from the legend border, type the offset distance in the Shadow Offset text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is closest to border; 16 is farthest from border.)

10	To color the shadow, click a color in the Shadow Color list box.

11	Click OK.

Tips

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display legends

To fill legend backgrounds

To select legend border styles

To color legend borders

To select legend border widths

To shadow legend borders

To offset legend border shadows

To color legend border shadows

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To fill legend backgrounds

1	In the active chart, click the legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	Select the legend background fill you want:  None, Solid, or Gradient.  Select None for a clear background.  Select Solid Fill to color the background.  Select Gradient for a background that changes color gradually, from one end of the legend to the other.

5	Click OK.

Tips

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the legend background fill by clicking the Fill Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Fill Color button


To hide or display legends

To select legend border styles

To color legend borders

To select legend border widths

To shadow legend borders

To offset legend border shadows

To color legend border shadows

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To select legend border styles

1	In the active chart, click the legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To change the legend border style, click a style in the Frame Style list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.


To hide or display legends

To fill legend backgrounds

To color legend borders

To select legend border widths

To shadow legend borders

To offset legend border shadows

To color legend border shadows

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To color legend borders

1	In the active chart, click the legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To color the legend border, click a color in the Pen Color list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the legend border by clicking the Line/Border Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Line/Border Color button

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.


To hide or display legends

To fill legend backgrounds

To select legend border styles

To select legend border widths

To shadow legend borders

To offset legend border shadows

To color legend border shadows

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To select legend border widths

1	In the chart, click the legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To change the legend border width, type the width you want in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.


To hide or display legends

To fill legend backgrounds

To select legend border styles

To color legend borders

To shadow legend borders

To offset legend border shadows

To color legend border shadows

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To shadow legend borders

1	In the chart, click the legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To shadow the legend border, click the Shadow check box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.


To hide or display legends

To fill legend backgrounds

To select legend border styles

To color legend borders

To select legend border widths

To shadow legend borders

To offset legend border shadows

To color legend border shadows

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To offset legend border shadows

1	In the chart, click the legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To offset the shadow from the legend border, type the offset distance in the Shadow Offset text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is closest to border; 16 is farthest from border.)

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.


To hide or display legends

To fill legend backgrounds

To select legend border styles

To color legend borders

To select legend border widths

To shadow legend borders

To offset legend border shadows

To color legend border shadows

Selected Legend command

Format menu


To color legend border shadows

1	In the chart, click the legend.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Legend.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To color the shadow, click a color in the Shadow Color list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the legend to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

This legend is not the same as the legend for a FlowCharter chart. A FlowCharter chart’s legend displays the totals for the fields in all the shapes in the chart. To work with FlowCharter chart’s legend, FlowCharter must be active.  With FlowCharter active, click Legend on the Insert menu to activate FlowCharter legends.


To hide or display legends

To fill legend backgrounds

To select legend border styles

To color legend borders

To select legend border widths

To shadow legend borders

To offset legend border shadows

To color legend border shadows

Selected Legend command

Format menu


Selected Legend (Appearance) dialog box
Format Legend dialog box - Appearance Tab

Use this dialog box to show or hide the chart legend and to display the legend on the left or right side of the chart.


To set up legend appearance

To set up legend backdrops

To format legend text

Selected Legend command

Format menu


Specifies that the legend title is displayed on the left side of the chart.


Specifies that the legend title is displayed on the right side of the chart.


Selected Legend (Backdrop) dialog box
Format Chart dialog box - Backdrop Tab

Use this dialog box to color or shade the chart (or chart legend) and to add a border to the chart (or chart legend).

You must select one of the three options – None, Solid Fill, or Gradient – in the Background Fill area. If you select Solid Fill, the Gradient options do not affect the chart.  Likewise, if you select Gradient, then the Solid Fill drop down color list box does not affect the chart.  If None is selected, none of these options affect the chart.

If the Shadow check box is clear, the Shadow Offset and Shadow Color options do not affect the chart.


To set up legend backdrops

To set up legend appearance

Selected Legend command

Format menu


Selected Legend (Font) dialog box
Format Legend dialog box - Font Tab

Use this dialog box to format the chart legend text.


To format legend text

To set up legend appearance

To set up legend backdrops

Selected Legend command

Format menu


Selected Control Lines command

The Selected Control Lines command lets you format the control lines of the active chart.


To set up control lines

Format menu


To set up control lines

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Format the appearance, point markers, point labels, and font, as you want.

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To set up control line appearance

To set up control line point markers

To set up control line point labels

To format control line text

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To format control lines text

1	Click the title.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

6	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

7	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

8	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To select control lines text fonts

To select control lines text sizes

To select control lines text styles

To color control lines text

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To select control lines fonts

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font you want in the Font list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select control lines text sizes

To select control lines text styles

To color control lines text

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To select control lines text sizes

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	Click the font size you want in the Size list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

You can also use the Formatting toolbar buttons to format text.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select control lines text fonts

To select control lines text styles

To color control lines text

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To select control lines text styles

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	You may make the text bold, italic, underline, and/or strikethrough by clicking on the appropriate Effects check box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also bold, italicize, or underline the text by clicking the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Formatting toolbar.

	Bold button	Italic button	Underline button


To select control lines text fonts

To select control lines text sizes

To color control lines text

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To color control lines text

1	Select or click the text you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Font tab.

4	To change the text color, click a color in the Color palette.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the text by clicking the Text Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Text Color button


To select control lines text fonts

To select control lines text sizes

To select control lines text styles

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To set up control line appearance

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	To assign a color to the control lines, click a color in the Color palette.

4	To change the control line width, type a number for the width in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	To change the control line style, click a style in the Style list box:  Solid or Dashed.

6	To display edges, ensure that the Display Edges check box is selected.

7	To assign a color to the control line edges, click a color in the Pen Color palette.

8	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

The Dotted line style is not available on line series.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color control lines

To select control line widths

To select control line styles

To hide or display control line edges

To color control line edges

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To color control lines

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	To assign a color to the control lines, click a color in the Color palette.

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also format the control line color by clicking the Line/Border Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Line/Border Color button


To select control line widths

To select control line styles

To hide or display control line edges

To color control line edges

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To select control line widths

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	To change the control line width, type a number for the width in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color control lines

To select control line styles

To hide or display control line edges

To color control line edges

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To select control line styles

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	To change the control line style, click a style in the Style list box:  Solid or Dashed.

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

The Dotted line style is not available on line series.


To color control lines

To select control line widths

To select control line styles

To color control line edges

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To hide or display control line edges

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	To display edges, ensure that the Display Edges check box is selected.  To hide edges, clear the Display Edges check box.

4	To assign a color to the control line edges, click a color in the Pen Color palette.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color control lines

To select control line widths

To select control line styles

To color control line edges

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To color control line edges

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	To assign a color to the control line edges, click a color in the Pen Color palette.

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color control lines

To select control line widths

To select control line styles

To hide or display control line edges

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To set up control line point markers

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To display the point markers, ensure that the Show Markers check box is selected.  (To hide markers, clear the Show Markers check box.)

5	To change the marker style, click a style in the Style list box.

6	To change the marker size, type a number for the size in the Size text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

7	To change the marker pen width, type a number for the width in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

8	To assign a color to the point markers, click a color in the Color palette.

9	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display control line point markers

To select control line point marker styles

To select control line point marker sizes

To select control line point marker widths

To color control line point markers

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To hide or display control line point markers

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that contain the markers you want to hide or display.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To hide markers, clear the Show Markers check box.  To display the markers, ensure that the Show Markers check box is selected.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select control line point marker styles

To select control line point marker sizes

To select control line point marker widths

To color control line point markers

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To select control line point marker styles

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that contain the markers you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To change the marker style, click a style in the Style list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display control line point markers

To select control line point marker sizes

To select control line point marker widths

To color control line point markers

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To select control line point marker sizes

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that contain the markers you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To change the marker size, type a number for the size in the Size text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display control line point markers

To select control line point marker styles

To select control line point marker widths

To color control line point markers

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To select control line point marker widths

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that contain the markers you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To change the marker pen width, type a number for the width in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display control line point markers

To select control line point marker styles

To select control line point marker sizes

To color control line point markers

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To color control line point markers

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that contain the markers you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Markers tab.

4	To assign a color to the point markers, click a color in the Color palette.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display control line point markers

To select control line point marker styles

To select control line point marker sizes

To select control line point marker widths

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To set up control line point labels

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To display the point labels, ensure that the Show Labels check box is selected.  (To hide labels, clear the Show Labels check box.)

5	To change the label location, click a location in the Location list box:  Above Point or Below Point.

6	To change the label line style, select a style in the line Style list box:  None, Line, or Angled Line.

7	To change the label orientation, click the orientation you want:  Horizontal, Vertical, Up, or Down.

8	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display control line point labels

To move control line point labels

To select control line point label styles

To orient control line point labels

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To hide or display control line point labels

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that contain the labels you want to hide or display.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To display the point labels, ensure that the Show Labels check box is selected. To hide labels, clear the Show Labels check box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To move control line point labels

To select control line point label styles

To orient control line point labels

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To move control line point labels

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that contain the labels you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To change the label location, click a location in the Location list box:  Above Point or Below Point.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display control line point labels

To select control line point label styles

To orient control line point labels

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To select control line point label styles

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that contain the labels you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To change the label line style, select a style in the line Style list box:  None, Line, or Angled Line.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display control line point labels

To move control line point labels

To orient control line point labels

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


To orient control line point labels

1	From the active chart, click the chart control lines that contain the labels you want to format.

2	On the Format menu, click Selected Control Lines.

3	Click the Point Labels tab.

4	To change the label orientation, click the orientation you want:  Horizontal, Vertical, Up, or Down.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the control lines to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display control line point labels

To move control line point labels

To select control line point label styles

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


Format Control Lines (Appearance) dialog box
Format Control Lines dialog box - Appearance Tab

Use this dialog box to format the control lines of the active chart.


To color control lines

To select control line widths

To select control line styles

To hide or display control line edges

To color control line edges

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


Format Control Lines (Point Markers) dialog box
Format Control Lines dialog box - Point Markers Tab

Use this dialog box to format the point markers on active chart control lines.


To hide or display control line point markers

To select control line point marker styles

To select control line point marker sizes

To select control line point marker widths

To color control line point markers

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


Format Control Lines (Point Labels) dialog box
Format Control Lines dialog box - Point Labels Tab

Use this dialog box to format the point labels on the active chart control lines.


To hide or display control line point markers

To select control line point marker styles

To select control line point marker sizes

To select control line point marker widths

To color control line point markers

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


Format Control Lines (Font) dialog box
Format Control Lines dialog box - Font Tab

Use this dialog box to format the active chart control line text.


To select control lines text fonts

To select control lines text sizes

To color control lines text

Selected Control Lines command

Format menu


Lets you format the appearance and backdrop of the active chart.


Chart command (DataAnalyzer)
Chart command

The Chart command lets you format the appearance, base and walls, and backdrop of the active chart.


To set up the chart appearance

To set up the chart backdrop

Format menu


To set up charts

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Format the appearance and backdrop, as you want.

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To set up the chart appearance

To set up the chart backdrop

Chart command

Format menu


To set up chart appearance

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	To view the chart in 2-D, click the 2-D View radio button.

4	To view the chart in 3-D, click the 3-D View radio button.

5	To display the chart title, ensure that the Show Chart Title check box is checked.  (To hide the chart title, clear the Show Chart Title check box.)

6	To display the chart legend, ensure that the Show Legend check box is checked.  (To hide the legend, clear the Show Legend check box.)

7	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To change the view from 2-D to 3-D

To change the view from 3-D to 2-D

To hide or display chart titles

To hide or display chart legends

Chart command

Format menu


To change the view from 2-D to 3-D

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Standard toolbar, click the 2-D to 3-D button.

2-D to 3-D button

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You cannot view scatter charts in 3-D.


To change the view from 2-D to 3-D

To change the view from 3-D to 2-D

To hide or display chart titles

To hide or display chart legends

Chart command

Format menu


To change the view from 3-D to 2-D

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Standard toolbar, click the 2-D to 3-D button.

2-D to 3-D button

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To change the view from 2-D to 3-D

To change the view from 3-D to 2-D

To hide or display chart titles

To hide or display chart legends

Chart command

Format menu


To hide or display chart titles

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	To display the chart title, make sure the Show Chart Title check box is checked.  (To hide the chart title, clear the Show Chart Title check box.)

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also hide a chart title by clicking the title and pressing the DEL key.


To change the view from 2-D to 3-D

To change the view from 3-D to 2-D

To hide or display chart legends

Chart command

Format menu

Insert menu


To hide or display chart legends

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	To display the chart legend, ensure that the Show Legend check box is checked.  (To hide the legend, clear the Show Legend check box.)

4	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To change the view from 2-D to 3-D

To change the view from 3-D to 2-D

To hide or display chart titles

Chart command

Format menu

Insert menu


To set up chart backdrops

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	Select the chart background fill you want:  None, Solid, or Gradient.  Select None for a clear background.  Select Solid Fill to color the background.  Select Gradient for a background that changes color gradually, from one end of the chart to the other.

5	To format the chart border, click a style in the Frame Style list box.

6	To color the chart border, click a color in the Pen Color list box.

7	To change the chart border width, type the width you want in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

8	To shadow the chart border, click the Shadow check box.

9	To offset the shadow from the chart border, type the offset distance in the Shadow Offset text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is closest to border; 16 is farthest from border.)

10	To color the shadow, click a color in the Shadow Color list box.

11	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select background fills

To select chart border styles

To color chart borders

To select chart border widths

To shadow chart borders

To offset border shadows

To color border shadows

To hide or display chart border shadows

Chart command

Format menu


To select background fills

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	Select the chart background fill you want:  None, Solid, or Gradient.  Select None for a clear background.  Select Solid Fill to color the background.  Select Gradient for a background that changes color gradually, from one end of the chart to the other.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the fill by clicking the Fill Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Fill Color button


To select chart border styles

To color chart borders

To select chart border widths

To shadow chart borders

To offset border shadows

To color border shadows

To hide or display chart border shadows

Chart command

Format menu


To select chart border styles

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To format the chart border, click a style in the Frame Style list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select background fills

To color chart borders

To select chart border width

To shadow chart borders

To offset border shadows

To color border shadows

To hide or display chart border shadows

Chart command

Format menu


To color chart borders

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To color the chart border, click a color in the Pen Color list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also color the chart border by clicking the Line/Border Color button on the Formatting toolbar.

Line/Border Color button


To select background fill

To select chart border styles

To select chart border widths

To shadow chart borders

To offset border shadows

To color border shadows

To hide or display chart border shadows

Chart command

Format menu


To select chart border widths

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To change the chart border width, type the width you want in the Pen Width text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select background fills

To select the chart border styles

To color chart borders

To shadow chart borders

To offset border shadows

To color border shadows

To hide or display chart border shadows

Chart command

Format menu


To shadow chart borders

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	Ensure that the Shadow check box is selected.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select background fills

To select the chart border styles

To color chart borders

To select chart border widths

To offset border shadows

To color border shadows

To hide or display chart border shadows

Chart command

Format menu


To offset border shadows

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	Ensure that the Shadow check box is selected.

5	To offset the shadow from the chart border, type the offset distance in the Shadow Offset text box:  1 - 16.  (1 is closest to border; 16 is farthest from border.)

6	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select background fills

To select the chart border styles

To color chart borders

To select chart border widths

To shadow chart borders

To color border shadows

To hide or display chart border shadows

Chart command

Format menu


To color border shadows

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To color the shadow, click a color in the Shadow Color list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select background fills

To select the chart border styles

To color chart borders

To select chart border widths

To shadow chart borders

To offset border shadows

To hide or display chart border shadows

Chart command

Format menu


To hide or display chart border shadows

1	Click the Chart tab.

2	On the Format menu, click Chart.

3	Click the Backdrop tab.

4	To hide the chart border shadow, clear the Shadow check box.  To display the border shadow, ensure that the Shadow check box is selected.

5	Click OK.

Tips

You can also double-click the chart to bring up the dialog box.

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select background fills

To select the chart border styles

To color chart borders

To select chart border widths

To shadow chart borders

To offset border shadows

To color border shadows

Chart command

Format menu


Format Chart (Appearance) dialog box
Format Chart dialog box - Appearance Tab

Use this dialog box to change the chart from 2D to 3D, or to insert or remove the chart title or chart legend.

Tip

Only 3D charts have Base Attributes.  Both 2D and 3D charts use the Wall Attributes.


To select chart appearance

To select chart backdrops

Chart command

Format menu


Specifies that the chart is displayed in two dimensions.


Specifies that the chart is displayed in three dimensions.


Specifies whether the chart title is displayed.


Specifies whether the chart legend is displayed.


Specifies that no background is displayed for the active chart element.


Specifies that a solid background color is displayed for the active chart element.  Click the background color you want.


Lists the available fill colors.


Specifies that the background is blended by two colors.


Lists the way gradient background colors are blended:  Horizontal (left to right), Vertical (top to bottom), Rectangle (concentric), or Oval (concentric).


Lists the available beginning gradient pattern colors.


Lists the available ending gradient pattern colors.


Lists the available border styles:  None, Single Line, Double Line, Thick Inner, and Thick Outer.


Lists the available border colors.


Specifies the border width and provides a space for you to type the width:  1 - 16.


Specifies whether a shadow is displayed with the border.


Specifies the distance the shadow is offset from the border and provides a space for you to type the offset:  1 - 16.


Lists the available shadow colors.


Lets you format the view, lighting, base, and walls of a 3-D chart.


3-D View command

The 3-D View command lets you format the view and lighting of a 3-D chart.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To set up 3-D charts

Chart command

Format menu


To set up 3-D charts

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	Format the view and lighting, as you want.

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

Chart command

3-D View command

Format menu


To set up 3-D chart views

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	To change the view type, click a type in the View Type list box:  Perspective, Orthogonal, or Oblique.

4	To change the relative height from which a 3-D chart is viewed, type the perspective angle you want in the Elevation text box:  0 - 90.  (If you enter 90, you look directly down on the top of the chart.  If you enter 0, you look directly at the front of the chart.)

5	To change the viewing angle of the 3-D chart, type the perspective angle you want in the Rotation text box:  0 - 360.  (An entry of 0 displays a front view of the chart, whereas an entry of 90 rotates the chart to a 90-degree angle from you, providing a side view of the chart.)  This step does not apply to pie charts.

6	To change the distance the chart is displayed (as a percentage of the chart depth), type a positive number in the View Distance text box:  50 - 2000.  (An entry of 50 displays the chart farthest away, whereas an entry of 2000 displays the chart closest to you.)

7	To change the percentage of the chart’s height used to draw the chart’s depth, type a positive number in the Depth to Height Ratio text box:  50 - 1000.  (An entry of 50 displays the chart with minimal depth and maximum height, whereas an entry of 1000 displays the chart with maximum depth and minimal height.)

8	To change the percentage of the chart’s height used to draw the chart’s width, type a positive number in the Width to Height Ratio text box:  50 - 1000.  (An entry of 50 displays the chart with minimal width and maximum height, whereas an entry of 1000 displays the chart with maximum width and minimal height.)

9	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select 3-D view types

To select 3-D chart viewing heights

To select 3-D chart viewing angles

To select 3-D chart viewing distances

To select 3-D chart widths and depths

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To select 3-D view types

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	To change the view type, click a type in the View Type list box:  Perspective, Orthogonal, or Oblique.

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select 3-D chart viewing

heights

To select 3-D chart viewing angles

To select 3-D chart viewing distances

To select 3-D chart widths and depths

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To select 3-D chart viewing heights

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	To change the relative height from which a 3-D chart is viewed, type the perspective angle you want in the Elevation text box:  0 - 90.  (If you enter 90, you look directly down on the top of the chart.  If you enter 0, you look directly at the front of the chart.)

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select 3-D view types

To select 3-D chart viewing angles

To select 3-D chart viewing distances

To select 3-D chart widths and depths

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To select 3-D chart viewing angles

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	To change the viewing angle of the 3-D chart, type the perspective angle you want in the Rotation text box:  0 - 360.  (An entry of 0 displays a front view of the chart, whereas an entry of 90 rotates the chart to a 90-degree angle from you, providing a side view of the chart.)  This procedure does not apply to pie charts.

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select 3-D view types

To select 3-D chart viewing heights

To select 3-D chart viewing distances

To select 3-D chart widths and depths

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To set 3-D chart viewing distances

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	To change the distance the chart is displayed (as a percentage of the chart depth), type a positive number in the View Distance text box:  50 - 2000.  (An entry of 50 displays the chart farthest away, whereas an entry of 2000 displays the chart closest to you.)

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select 3-D view types

To select 3-D chart viewing heights

To select 3-D chart viewing angles

To select 3-D chart widths and depths

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To select 3-D chart widths and depths

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	To change the percentage of the chart’s height used to draw the chart’s depth, type a positive number in the Depth to Height Ratio text box:  50 - 1000.  (An entry of 50 displays the chart with minimal depth and maximum height, whereas an entry of 1000 displays the chart with maximum depth and minimal height.)

4	To change the percentage of the chart’s height used to draw the chart’s width, type a positive number in the Width to Height Ratio text box:  50 - 1000.  (An entry of 50 displays the chart with minimal width and maximum height, whereas an entry of 1000 displays the chart with maximum width and minimal height.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select 3-D view types

To select 3-D chart viewing heights

To select 3-D chart viewing angles

To select 3-D chart viewing distances

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To select 3-D chart widths

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	To change the percentage of the chart’s height used to draw the chart’s width, type a positive number in the Width to Height Ratio text box:  50 - 1000.  (An entry of 50 displays the chart with minimal width and maximum height, whereas an entry of 1000 displays the chart with maximum width and minimal height.)

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select 3-D view types

To select 3-D chart viewing heights

To select 3-D chart viewing angles

To select 3-D chart viewing distances

To select 3-D chart depths

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To select 3-D chart depths

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	To change the percentage of the chart’s height used to draw the chart’s depth, type a positive number in the Depth to Height Ratio text box:  50 - 1000.  (An entry of 50 displays the chart with minimal depth and maximum height, whereas an entry of 1000 displays the chart with maximum depth and minimal height.)

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To select 3-D view types

To select 3-D chart viewing heights

To select 3-D chart viewing angles

To select 3-D chart viewing distances

To select 3-D chart widths

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


Rotating 3-D charts with your mouse
To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	Press and hold the CTRL key.

3	Move the cursor over any 3-D chart fill area.  The cursor changes from a single arrow to a larger four-arrow cursor.

4	Drag the cursor to rotate the chart in any 3-D plane.

5	Release the mouse button when the chart view you want is displayed.


To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To set up 3-D chart lighting

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	Click the Lighting tab.

4	To change the relative chart shading intensity, type the intensity you want in the Intensity text box:  0 - 100.  (An entry of 0 displays the darkest chart shading, whereas an entry of 100 displays the brightest chart illumination.)

5	To display 3-D edges with the chart, ensure that the Display Edges check box is checked.  (To hide the edges, clear the Display Edges check box.)

6	To adjust the relative darkness of the 3-D edges, type the darkness you want in the Edge Intensity text box:  0 - 100.  (An entry of 0 displays the darkest edges, whereas an entry of 100 displays the brightest edges.)

7	To adjust the light intensity and direction from which the light shines on the chart, drag the associated slider up or down. (When a slider is down, the associated light source is darkest.  When a slider is up, the associated light source is at full illumination.)

8	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To adjust 3-D chart shading intensities

To hide or display 3-D chart edges

To adjust darkness of 3-D chart edges

To adjust 3-D chart lighting directions and intensities

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To adjust 3-D chart shading intensities

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	Click the Lighting tab.

4	To change the relative chart shading intensity, type the intensity you want in the Intensity text box:  0 - 100.  (An entry of 0 displays the darkest chart shading, whereas an entry of 100 displays the brightest chart illumination.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To hide or display 3-D chart edges

To adjust darkness of 3-D chart edges

To adjust 3-D chart lighting directions and intensities

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To hide or display 3-D chart edges

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	Click the Lighting tab.

4	To display 3-D edges with the chart, ensure that the Display Edges check box is checked.  (To hide the edges, clear the Display Edges check box.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To adjust 3-D chart shading intensities

To adjust darkness of 3-D chart edges

To adjust 3-D chart lighting directions and intensities

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To adjust darkness of 3-D chart edges

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	Click the Lighting tab.

4	To adjust the relative darkness of the 3-D edges, type the darkness you want in the Edge Intensity text box:  0 - 100.  (An entry of 0 displays the darkest edges, whereas an entry of 100 displays the brightest edges.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To adjust 3-D chart shading intensities

To hide or display 3-D chart edges

To adjust 3-D chart lighting directions and intensities

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To adjust 3-D chart lighting directions and intensities

1	Ensure that a 3-D chart is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click 3-D View.

3	Click the Lighting tab.

4	To adjust the light intensity and direction from which the light shines on the chart, drag the associated slider up or down. (When a slider is down, the associated light source is darkest.  When a slider is up, the associated light source is at full illumination.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To adjust 3-D chart shading intensities

To hide or display 3-D chart edges

To adjust darkness of 3-D chart edges

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To set up 3-D chart bases and walls

1	On the Format menu, click Chart.

2	Click the Base and Walls tab.

3	To change the base or wall color, click a color in the associated Color list box.

4	To change the thickness of the 3-D chart base or walls, type the thickness (in points) you want in the associated Thickness text box:  0 - 16.  (0 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

5	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color 3-D chart bases and walls

To set thickness of 3-D chart bases and walls

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart lighting

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To color 3-D chart bases and walls

1	On the Format menu, click Chart.

2	Click the Base and Walls tab.

3	To change the base or wall color, click a color in the associated Color list box.

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To set thickness of 3-D chart bases and walls

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart lighting

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


To set thickness of 3-D chart bases and walls

1	On the Format menu, click Chart.

2	Click the Base and Walls tab.

3	To change the thickness of the 3-D chart base or walls, type the thickness (in points) you want in the associated Thickness text box:  0 - 16.  (0 is thinnest; 16 is thickest.)

4	Click OK.

Tip

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.


To color 3-D chart bases and walls

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart lighting

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


Format 3-D View (View) dialog box
Format 3-D View dialog box - View Tab

Use this dialog box to format the active 3-D chart viewing perspective.


To select 3-D view types

To select 3-D chart viewing heights

To select 3-D chart viewing angles

To select 3-D chart viewing distances

To select 3-D chart widths and depths

To set up 3-D lighting

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


Lists the available 3-D chart views:  Perspective, Orthogonal, and Oblique.  Perspective provides the most realistic 3-D appearance (objects farther away from you converge toward a vanishing point on the chart).  Orthogonal has no perspective but keeps vertical lines vertical, making some charts easier to read.  Oblique is also known as 2.5 dimensional; that is, the chart has depth, but the XY plane does not change when the chart is rotated or elevated.


Specifies the relative height (in degrees) from which a chart is viewed and provides a space for you to type the height you want:  0 - 90.  For example, if you set the elevation to 0, you look directly at the front of the chart.  If you set the elevation to 90, you look directly down on the top of the chart.


Specifies the viewing angle (in degrees) of the active 3-D chart and provides a space for you to type the perspective angle you want:  0 - 360.  For example, an entry of 0 displays a front view of the chart, whereas an entry of 90 rotates the chart to a 90-degree angle from you, providing a side view of the chart.  Rotation does not apply to pie charts.


Specifies the relative distance the 3-D chart is displayed from you (as a percentage of the chart depth) and provides a space for you to type the distance you want:  50 - 2000.  An entry of 50 displays the chart farthest away (smallest perspective), whereas an entry of 2000 displays the chart closest to you (largest perspective).


Specifies the percentage of the chart’s height used to draw the chart’s depth and provides a space for you to type the percentage you want:  50 - 1000.  An entry of 50 displays the chart with minimal depth and maximum height, whereas an entry of 1000 displays the chart with maximum depth and minimal height.


Specifies the percentage of the chart’s height used to draw the chart’s width and provides a space for you to type the percentage you want:  50 - 1000.  An entry of 50 displays the chart with minimal width and maximum height, whereas an entry of 1000 displays the chart with maximum width and minimal height.


Format 3-D View (Lighting) dialog box
Format 3-D View dialog box - Lighting Tab

Use this dialog box to format the active 3-D chart lighting.


To adjust 3-D chart shading intensities

To hide or display 3-D chart edges

To adjust darkness of 3-D chart edges

To adjust 3-D chart lighting directions and intensities

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart base and walls

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


Specifies the relative chart shading intensity and provides a space for you to type the intensity you want:  0 - 100.  An entry of 0 displays the darkest chart shading, whereas an entry of 100 displays the brightest chart illumination.


Specifies whether 3-D edges are displayed with the chart.


Specifies the relative darkness of the 3-D edges and provides a space for you to type the darkness you want:  0 - 100.  An entry of 0 displays the darkest edges, whereas an entry of 100 displays the brightest edges.


Adjusts the light intensity originating from the left side of the 3-D chart.  When the slider is down, light from the left side is darkest.  When the slider is up, light from the left side is brightest.


Adjusts the light intensity originating from the top of the 3-D chart.  When the slider is down, light from the top is darkest.  When the slider is up, light from the top is brightest.


Adjusts the light intensity originating from the bottom of the 3-D chart.  When the slider is down, light from the bottom is darkest.  When the slider is up, light from the bottom is brightest.


Adjusts the light intensity originating from the right side of the 3-D chart.  When the slider is down, light from the right side is darkest.  When the slider is up, light from the right side is brightest.


Format Chart (Base and Walls) dialog box
Format Chart dialog box - Base and Walls Tab

Use this dialog box to format the color and thickness of 3-D chart base and walls.

Tips

For 2D charts, wall attributes affect the color of the chart.

Base and wall attributes do not apply to pie charts.

Only the wall attributes affect scatter charts (since this chart can only be viewed in 2D).


To color 3-D chart bases and walls

To set thickness of 3-D chart bases and walls

To set up 3-D views

To set up 3-D chart lighting

To rotate 3-D charts with your mouse

3-D View command

Chart command

Format menu


Lists the available colors for the 3-D chart base.


Specifies the relative thickness of the 3-D chart base and provides a space for you to type the thickness you want:  0 - 16.  An entry of 0 displays the thinnest base, whereas an entry of 16 displays the thickest base.


Lists the available colors for the 3-D chart wall.


Specifies the relative thickness of the 3-D chart wall and provides a space for you to type the thickness you want:  0 - 16.  An entry of 0 displays the thinnest wall, whereas an entry of 16 displays the thickest wall.


Row command

The Row command lets you format the height of the active worksheet row(s) and change the default height of all worksheet rows.


Lets you format the height of the active worksheet row(s) and change the default height of all worksheet rows.


Row, Height command

the Row, Height command lets you format the height of the active worksheet row(s) and change the default height of all worksheet rows.


Automatically sizes the height of the active worksheet row(s) to fully display cell text if the selected cell text font size exceeds the current row height.


Row, AutoFit Selection command

The Row, AutoFit Selection command automatically sizes the height of the active worksheet row(s) to fully display cell text if the selected cell text font size exceeds the current row height.


To match cell text size with row height

To set row height

To set default row height

Format menu


To match cell text size with row height

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.  If you want to change the height of one or several rows, highlight the row(s).

2	On the Format menu, click Row.

3	Click AutoFit Selection.


To select row height

To select default row height

Row command

Format menu


To select row height

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.  If you want to change the height of one or several rows, highlight the row(s).

2	On the Format menu, click Row.

3	Click Height.

4	To change the row height, type the row height you want in the Height text box.

5	Click OK.


To match cell text size with row height

To select default row height

Row command

Format menu


To select default row height

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click Row.

3	Click Height.

4	To change the default row height, type the default row height you want in the Default Height text box.

5	Click OK.


To match cell text size with row height

To select row height

Row command

Format menu


Row Height dialog box

Use this dialog box to change the height of active rows and/or the default row height for the active worksheet.


To match cell text size with row height

To select row height

To select default row height

Row command

Format menu


Specifies the height of the active worksheet row(s) and provides a space for you to type a new height.


Specifies whether the default row height is used as the current row height.


Specifies the default row height and provides a space for you to type a new default row height.


Formats cells using default value.


Column command

The Column command lets you format the width of the active worksheet column(s).


To match cell text size with column width

To select column width

To select default column width

Format menu


To enter column header

1	Double-click on the column header.  (Or, position the cursor over the column and click the right mouse button.  Next, click Column Header.)

2	In the Column Header Text box, type the new column header name.

3	Click OK.


To match cell text size with column width

To select column width

To select default column width

Column command

Format menu


Specifies the column header and provides a space for you to type a new column header.


To match cell text size with column width

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.  If you want to change the width of one or several columns, highlight the column(s).

2	On the Format menu, click Column.

3	Click AutoFit Selection.


To select column width

To select default column width

Column command

Format menu


To select column widths

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.  If you want to change the width of one or several columns, highlight the column(s).

2	On the Format menu, click Column.

3	Click Width.

4	To change the column width, type the column width you want in the Width text box.

5	Click OK.


To match cell text size with column width

To select default column width

Column command

Format menu


To select default column widths

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	On the Format menu, click Column.

3	Click Width.

4	To change the default column width, type the default column width you want in the Default Width text box.

5	Click OK.


To match cell text size with column width

To select column widths

Column command

Format menu


Column Width dialog box

Use this dialog box to change the width of active columns and/or the default column width for the active worksheet.


To select column widths

To select default column widths

Column command

Format menu


Specifies the width of the active worksheet column(s) and provides a space for you to type a new width.


Specifies whether the default column width is used as the current column width.


Specifies the default column width and provides a space for you to type a new default column width.


Lets you format the width of the active worksheet column(s) and change the default width of all worksheet columns.


Column, Width command

The Column, Width command lets you format the width of the active worksheet column(s) and change the default width of all worksheet columns.


Automatically sizes the width of the active worksheet column(s) to fully display cell text if the selected cell text font size exceeds the current column width.


Column, AutoFit Selection command
AutoFit Selection command

The AutoFit Selection command automatically sizes the width of the active worksheet column(s) to fully display cell text if the selected cell text font size exceeds the current column width.


Lets you format the number, alignment, border, pattern, and font of the active worksheet cell(s).


Cells command

The Cells command lets you format the number, alignment, border, shading, and font of the active worksheet cell(s).


To set up cells

Row command

Column command

Format menu


To set up cells

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cell(s) you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Format the number, text alignment, border, shading, and font of the active worksheet cell(s), as you want.

5	Click OK.

Tip

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To set up cell numbers

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	To change the number category, click a category in the Category list box.

5	To change the number format, click a format in the Format Codes list box.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To select cell number categories

To format cell numbers

To align cell text

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To select cell number categories

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	To change the number category, click a category in the Category list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To format cell numbers

To align cell text

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To format cell numbers

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	To change the number format, click a format in the Format Codes list box.

5	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To select cell number categories

To align cell text

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To align cell text

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Alignment tab.

5	To change the horizontal position of text within the cell(s), click the Horizontal radio button you want.

6	To change the vertical position of text within the cell(s), click the Vertical radio button you want.

7	To automatically wrap text that is too long to fit on one line within a cell, click the Wrap Text check box.

8	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text horizontally

To align cell text vertically

To wrap cell text

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To align cell text horizontally

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Alignment tab.

5	To change the horizontal position of text within the cell(s), click the Horizontal radio button you want.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text vertically

To wrap cell text

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To align cell text vertically

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Alignment tab.

5	To change the vertical position of text within the cell(s), click the Vertical radio button you want.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text horizontally

To wrap cell text

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To wrap cell text

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Alignment tab.

5	To automatically wrap text that is too long to fit on one line within a cell, click the Wrap Text check box.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text horizontally

To align cell text vertically

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To set up cell borders

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Border tab.

5	To change the cell border lines, click the Border check box(s) you want.

6	To change the cell border style, click the style you want in the Border list box.

7	To change the cell border color, click a color in the Color list box.

8	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To select cell border lines

To select cell border styles

To color cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To select cell border lines

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Border tab.

5	To change the cell border lines, click the Border check box(s) you want.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To select cell border styles

To color cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To select cell border styles

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Border tab.

5	To change the cell border style, click the style you want in the Border list box.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To select cell border lines

To color cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To color cell borders

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Border tab.

5	To change the cell border color, click a color in the Color list box.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To select cell border lines

To select cell border styles

To shade cells

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To shade cells

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Patterns tab.

5	To change the cell shading pattern, click the pattern you want in the Pattern list box.

6	To change the cell shading foreground color, click a color in the Foreground Color list box.

7	To change the cell shading background color, click a color in the Background Color list box.

8	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To set up cell borders

To select cell shading patterns

To color cell foreground

To color cell background

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To select cell shading patterns

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Patterns tab.

5	To change the cell shading pattern, click the pattern you want in the Pattern list box.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To set up cell borders

To color cell foreground

To color cell background

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To color cell foreground

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Patterns tab.

5	To change the cell shading foreground color, click a color in the Foreground Color list box.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To set up cell borders

To select cell shading patterns

To color cell background

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


To color cell background

1	Ensure that a worksheet is displayed.

2	Highlight the cells you want to format.

3	On the Format menu, click Cells.

4	Click the Patterns tab.

5	To change the cell shading background color, click a color in the Background Color list box.

6	Click OK.

Tips

Use the Apply button to make your changes and view the results without closing the dialog box.

You can also click the Format Cells button on the Standard toolbar.

Format Cells button


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To set up cell borders

To select cell shading patterns

To color cell foreground

To format cell text

Row command

Column command

Cells command

Function list

Format menu


Format Cells (Number) dialog box
Format Cells dialog box - Number Tab

Use this dialog box to apply a specific number format to the active worksheet cell(s).


To set up cell numbers

To align cell text

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Function list

Format menu


Lists the available cell format code categories:  All, Fixed, Currency, Percent, Fraction, Scientific, Date, and Time.


Lists the available formatting options for the active category.


Format Cells (Alignment) dialog box
Format Cells dialog box - Alignment Tab

Use this dialog box to position text within the borders of the active cell(s).


To align cell text

To set up cell numbers

To set up cell borders

To shade cells

To format cell text

Function list

Format menu


Specifies that text is aligned generally within the cell.


Specifies that text is aligned left to right within the cell.


Specifies that text is centered within the cell.


Specifies that text is aligned from right to left within the cell.


Specifies that text fills the cell.


Specifies that text is justified within the cell.


Specifies that text is centered across the active cell(s).


Specifies that text is aligned along the top of the cell.


Specifies that text is centered within the top and bottom cell borders.


Specifies that text is aligned along the bottom of the cell.


Specifies whether all text is displayed within the cell. If text reaches a cell border, the text automatically wraps within the cell (instead of being hidden under an adjacent cell).


Format Cells (Border) dialog box
Format Cells dialog box - Border Tab

Use this dialog box to add a border to the active worksheet cell(s).


To set up cell borders

To align cell text

To set up cell numbers

To shade cells

To format cell text

Function list

Format menu


Specifies whether a border is displayed around the cell.


Specifies whether a border is displayed along the top of the cell.


Specifies whether a border is displayed along the left side of the cell.


Specifies whether a border is displayed along the right side of the cell.


Specifies whether a border is displayed along the bottom of the cell.


Lists the available border styles:  solid, dotted, double lines, and so on.


Lists the available border colors.


Format Cells (Patterns) dialog box
Format Cells dialog box - Patterns Tab

Use this dialog box to shade the active worksheet cell(s) with a pattern and/or color.


To shade cells

To set up cell borders

To align cell text

To set up cell numbers

To format cell text

Function list

Format menu


Lists the available cell shading patterns.


Lists the available cell foreground colors.


Lists the available cell background colors.


Format Cells (Font) dialog box
Format Cells dialog box - Font Tab

Use this dialog box to format the active worksheet cell text.


To format cell text

To shade cells

To set up cell borders

To align cell text

To set up cell numbers

Function list

Format menu


Specifies the control line style. Click a style in the Style list box:  Solid or Dashed.


Specifies the pen width and provides a space for you to type the pen width:  1 - 16.


Lists the available colors for the edges. Click the color you want.


Lists the available colors. Click the color you want.


Specifies whether edges are displayed.


Getting Started
	Getting Started {button Show Lessons,JumpID()}
The DataAnalyzer tutorials contain several "mini" tutorials that you can work through at your own pace. Each tutorial takes less than five minutes to complete.

Before starting the tutorials, you should know how to open menus, choose commands, and select objects using a mouse. You can follow the tutorials from first to last, or you can skip to the ones that interest you the most. None of the tutorials assume that you have worked through any of the other tutorials.

The tutorial files are on the CD-ROM in a directory called TUTORIAL.  The files are not automatically installed on your PC. You can either use the tutorial files from the CD-ROM, or copy them all to a directory on your PC.

If you installed FlowCharter 7 from your network, contact your system administrator to find out where the tutorial files are.

Tips

 Use the Browse buttons, [image] and [image] --at the top of this window--to advance to the next or previous lesson.

 When you finish each tutorial, do not save changes to it. Just click Close on the File menu, then click No in the dialog box.


	Lessons
Using the Chart wizard

Using the Data Import wizard

Enhancing an SPC Chart

Enhancing an SPC Chart Worksheet

Adding Text to an SPC Chart

Creating an SPC Chart


	Using the Chart wizard
The Chart wizard helps you choose the SPC chart type that best fits your needs. With these charts, you can organize and show so that you can analyze a process. Your analysis can not only describe and detect problems with the current process, but you can predict the progress of a process. In this manner, SPC charts are invaluable statistical toosl used for setting up and measuring quality control in manufacturing, process reengineering, process management, and quality assurance.


To use the Chart wizard

1	With FlowCharter 7 active, click SPC Chart on the Insert menu.

2	Click Next.

3	Click the SPC chart type you want.

4	Click Finish.

Tip

Clicking More displays more information on the chart you selected. Click More before you click Finish.


	Using the Data Import wizard
DataAnalyzer creates SPC charts using data from the worksheet. You can enter the data yourself or open an existing data file to get the data.  Data can be imported from databases, spreadsheet applications, or text files.

This tutorial show you how to use existing data files to create a chart.


To import data into an SPC chart

1	On the Tools menu, click Data Import wizard.

1	Click the Spreadsheet tab in an active chart in DataAnalyzer.

2	On the Tools menu, click Data Import wizard.

or

Click the Data Import wizard button.

Data Import wizard button

3	Click Next.

4	Click Excel 4.0 File, and click Next.

5	Enter the following filename:

6	Click Next.

7	Select a range for the data.

8	Drag the data  to the current DataAnalyzer worksheet.

9	Click Finish.


To enter a text file into an SPC chart

1	Click the Spreadsheet tab.

2	Click the Data Import wizard button.

Data Import wizard button

3	Click Next.

4	Click Text file.  Click Next.

4	Browse or enter the name of the file that contains the text to import.  Click Next.

5	Select a range for the text.

6	Drag the data  to the current DataAnalyzer worksheet.

7	Click Finish.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer and that you are in an active chart.


To enter a worksheet file into an SPC chart

1	Click the Spreadsheet tab.

2	Click the Data Import wizard button.

Data Import wizard button

3	Click Next.

4	Click the source that you want to import the data from.  Click Next.

4	Browse or enter the name of the file that contains the data to import.  Click Next.

5	Select a range for the data.

6	Drag the data  to the current DataAnalyzer worksheet.

7	Click Finish.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer and that you are in an active chart.


	Enhancing an SPC Chart
DataAnalyzer provides several ways for you to enhance the appearance of your data charts.

This tutorial shows you how to move and resize a chart, add a frame, add a background, make your chart 3D, and use colors for the chart.


To move an SPC chart

1	In an active SPC chart, move the cursor within the chart boundaries, and click the left mouse button.

2	When the chart handles display, hold down the left mouse button, and move the chart in the direction you want.

3	Release the mouse button when the chart is where you wanted it placed.


To resize a chart

1	In an active SPC chart, move the cursor within the chart boundaries, and click the left mouse button.

2	When the chart handles display, move the cursor to one of the handles until a two-ended arrow displays in place of the cursor.

3	Hold down the left mouse button, and move the chart in the direction you want.

3	Release the mouse button when the chart is the size you want.


To add a frame

1	In an active SPC chart, click Chart on the Format menu.

2	Click the Backdrop tab.

3	Select a frame style in the list box, such as Thick Outer.

4	Select a pen color in the list box, such as black.

5	Select a point size in the Pen Width box, such as 1.

6	Select a frame style in the Frame Style list box, such as Thick Outer.

7	Clear the Shadow check box.

8	Click OK.


To add a background

1	In an active SPC chart, click Chart on the Format menu.

2	Click the Backdrop tab.

3	Select a gradient style in the list box, such as Oval.

4	Select a gradient color to go from, such as aqua.

5	Select a gradient color to go to, such as aqua.

6	Select a frame style in the Frame Style list box, such as aqua with a dotted style.

7	Click OK.


To make a chart 3D

In an active SPC chart, click the 2D-3D button.

The 2D-3D button toggles the chart between 2D and 3D views.

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2D-3D button


To use colors

1	In an active SPC chart, click Chart on the Format menu.

2	Click the Base and Walls tab.

3	Select a gradient style in the list box, such as Oval.

4	Select a wall color to go from, such as gray.

5	Click OK.

Tips

Colors entered as Base color only display in the 3D view for the chart.

Thickness for colors entered as bases or walls only display in the 3D view for the chart.


	Enhancing an SPC Chart Worksheet
DataAnalyzer offers several ways for you to enhance the appearance of the worksheet for your SPC chart.

This tutorial shows you how to change the worksheet cell numbers, alignment, border, patterns, fonts, and size.


To change SPC worksheet cell number formats

1	In an active SPC worksheet, select the cells that you want to change.

2	Click Cells on the Format menu.

3	Select a category from the list box, such as Currency.

4	Select a Format Code from the list box, such as $##,##0_ so that the currency amount will be rounded to the nearest dollar, and negative amounts will be shown in parantheses.

5	Click Close.


To change SPC worksheet cell alignment

1	In an active SPC worksheet, select the cells that you want to change.

2	Click Cells on the Format menu, and click the Alignment tab.

3	Select a Horizontal location, such as Left.

4	Select a Vertical location, such as bottom.

5	Click the Wrap Text check box for the text to wrap within the cells.

6	Click Close.


To change SPC worksheet cell borders

1	In an active SPC worksheet, select the cells that you want to change.

2	Click Cells on the Format menu, and click the Border tab.

3	Click a check box for where you want your cell border, such as Outline for the border.

4	Click a border style, such as thin outline.

5	Click a border color from the palette.

6	Click Close.


To change SPC worksheet cell patterns

1	In an active SPC worksheet, select the cells that you want to change.

2	Click Cells on the Format menu, and click the Patterns tab.

3	Select the Cell Shading Pattern from the list box.

4	Select the Cell Shading Foreground Color from the list box.

5	Select the Cell Shading Background Color from the list box.

6	Click Close.


To change SPC worksheet cell text font, point size, and color

1	In an active SPC worksheet, select the cells that you want to change.

2	Click Cells on the Format menu, and click the Fonts tab.

3	Click the down arrow at the right of the Font box in the Formatting toolbar. A list of the available fonts opens.

4	Select a font in the list box, such as Dom Casual.

5	Click the down arrow at the right of the Size box. A list of the available point sizes opens.

6	Select a larger point size, such as 12.

7	Click the down arrow next to the Text Color button and click a color.

Text Color button

8	Click Close.


To change SPC worksheet cell size

1	In an active worksheet, highlight the column(s) you want to change.

2	On the Format menu, click Column.

3	Click Width.

4	To change the column width, type the column width you want in the Width text box.

5	Click OK.


	Adding Text to an SPC Chart
DataAnalyzer lets you enter title, legend, and point label text to your SPC chart. This lets you customize the information entered on the chart.

This tutorial shows you how to enter the text for a title, legend, and point label in a chart and change the font, point size, and color of the text. This feature lets you emphasize the text that is most important.


To enter a title text in an SPC chart
To enter a title in an SPC chart

1	In an active SPC chart, click Titles on the Insert menu.

2	Click the Chart Title check box.


To enter a legend in an SPC chart

In an active SPC chart, click Legend on the Insert menu.


To enter point label text in an SPC chart

1	In an active SPC chart, select a control line that you want to apply point label text to.

2	Click Selected Control Lines on the Format menu, and click the Point Labels tab.

3	Click the Show Labels check box.

4	Select the location for the labels, such as Above Location.

5	Select the line style to mark the point label, such as Line.

6	Select the orientation of the line for the point label.


To change the typeface, point size, and color of SPC chart text
To change the font, point size, and color of SPC chart text

1	Select the text you want to change.

2	Click the down arrow at the right of the Font box in the Formatting toolbar. A list of the available fonts opens.

3	Select a font in the list box, such as Dom Casual.

4	Click the down arrow at the right of the Size box. A list of the available point sizes opens.

5	Select a larger point size, such as 12.

6	Click the down arrow next to the Text Color button and click a color.

Text Color button

This is the last lesson using this chart.

On the File menu, click Close.  Click No in the dialog box.

To run another tutorial

Click the Help Topics button at the top of this window.


	Creating an SPC Chart
FlowCharter 7 lets you create many different kinds of charts in support of quality and process reengineering. Quality programs rely on effective communications. For quality programs, charts are the most common means of relaying data so that they can be readily understood. FlowCharter 7 automatically draws the basic charts often referred to in quality and reengineering manuals.  With these charts, you can organize and show data so that you can analyze a process. Your analysis can not only describe and detect problems with the current process, but you can predict the progress of a process.

You can create a number of charts, including:

Process charts

Cause-and-effect (Ishikawa or fishbone) charts

Organization charts

Deployment charts

Pareto charts

Histograms

Run charts (trend charts)

Control charts

Scatter charts

Pie charts

This tutorial lets you create a pie chart, one of the most recognizable chart. A pie chart can be used to compare parts within a single data set, or series.  With a pie chart, you can illustrate the relationship of one part to the whole or one part to components of the whole. A limitation of pie charts is that they cannot compare multiple data series.  Each part of the pie is called a segment.  For emphasis, you can explode a segment after the chart is created by selecting a segment and dragging it away from the pie.


To create a pie chart

1	On the File menu, click Close.

2	On the File menu, click New, and click Blank Page.

3	On the Insert menu, click SPC chart, and click Next.

4	In the Chart Type list box, click Pareto, and click Finish.

5	On the worksheet, enter the label for each category.

6	Enter the value for each category.

7	Click Chart.

Notes

These steps assume that you are in DataAnalyzer, that you have an active chart, and that you want to create a new chart.

Pie charts can have only two columns.